Merge branch 'feat/deferred-batch-update'

2025-12-28 11:28:06 +08:00
parent cd9d31f5f2 cbfce49aa1
commit 0aa480283f
10 changed files with 243 additions and 38 deletions
--- a/backend/cmd/server/wire_gen.go
+++ b/backend/cmd/server/wire_gen.go
@@ -117,10 +117,12 @@ func initializeApplication(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) (*Application, error) {
 	billingService := service.NewBillingService(configConfig, pricingService)
 	identityCache := repository.NewIdentityCache(client)
 	identityService := service.NewIdentityService(identityCache)
-	gatewayService := service.NewGatewayService(accountRepository, usageLogRepository, userRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, gatewayCache, configConfig, billingService, rateLimitService, billingCacheService, identityService, httpUpstream)
+	timingWheelService := service.ProvideTimingWheelService()
+	deferredService := service.ProvideDeferredService(accountRepository, timingWheelService)
+	gatewayService := service.NewGatewayService(accountRepository, usageLogRepository, userRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, gatewayCache, configConfig, billingService, rateLimitService, billingCacheService, identityService, httpUpstream, deferredService)
 	geminiMessagesCompatService := service.NewGeminiMessagesCompatService(accountRepository, gatewayCache, geminiTokenProvider, rateLimitService, httpUpstream)
 	gatewayHandler := handler.NewGatewayHandler(gatewayService, geminiMessagesCompatService, userService, concurrencyService, billingCacheService)
-	openAIGatewayService := service.NewOpenAIGatewayService(accountRepository, usageLogRepository, userRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, gatewayCache, configConfig, billingService, rateLimitService, billingCacheService, httpUpstream)
+	openAIGatewayService := service.NewOpenAIGatewayService(accountRepository, usageLogRepository, userRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, gatewayCache, configConfig, billingService, rateLimitService, billingCacheService, httpUpstream, deferredService)
 	openAIGatewayHandler := handler.NewOpenAIGatewayHandler(openAIGatewayService, concurrencyService, billingCacheService)
 	handlerSettingHandler := handler.ProvideSettingHandler(settingService, buildInfo)
 	handlers := handler.ProvideHandlers(authHandler, userHandler, apiKeyHandler, usageHandler, redeemHandler, subscriptionHandler, adminHandlers, gatewayHandler, openAIGatewayHandler, handlerSettingHandler)
--- a/backend/go.mod
+++ b/backend/go.mod
@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@ require (
 	github.com/google/wire v0.7.0
 	github.com/imroc/req/v3 v3.56.0
 	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9
-	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.7.3
+	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.17.2
 	github.com/spf13/viper v1.18.2
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
 	github.com/testcontainers/testcontainers-go/modules/postgres v0.40.0
 	github.com/testcontainers/testcontainers-go/modules/redis v0.40.0
 	github.com/tidwall/gjson v1.18.0
 	github.com/tidwall/sjson v1.2.5
+	github.com/zeromicro/go-zero v1.9.4
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0
 	golang.org/x/net v0.47.0
 	golang.org/x/term v0.37.0
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/ebitengine/purego v0.8.4 // indirect
+	github.com/fatih/color v1.18.0 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.2 // indirect
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.14.0 // indirect
-	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.8.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.9.0 // indirect
 	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.2 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-querystring v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/subcommands v1.2.0 // indirect
@@ -67,9 +69,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/icholy/digest v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20231201235250-de7065d80cb9 // indirect
-	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.5.5 // indirect
-	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.7.4 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 // indirect
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
@@ -78,7 +80,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.2.4 // indirect
 	github.com/lufia/plan9stats v0.0.0-20211012122336-39d0f177ccd0 // indirect
 	github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.10 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.19 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
 	github.com/mdelapenya/tlscert v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/docker-image-spec v1.3.1 // indirect
@@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/morikuni/aec v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
 	github.com/power-devops/perfstat v0.0.0-20210106213030-5aafc221ea8c // indirect
@@ -105,6 +108,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4 v4.25.6 // indirect
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3 // indirect
 	github.com/sourcegraph/conc v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/afero v1.11.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/cast v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5 // indirect
@@ -123,7 +127,8 @@ require (
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.37.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.37.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0 // indirect
-	go.uber.org/atomic v1.9.0 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/atomic v1.10.0 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.6.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.9.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/arch v0.3.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230905200255-921286631fa9 // indirect
--- a/backend/go.sum
+++ b/backend/go.sum
@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 h1:69rxXcBk27SvSaaxTtLh/8llcHD8vYHT7WSdRZ/jvr4
 github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0/go.mod h1:fgPhTUdO+D/Jk86RDLlptpiXQzgHJF7gydDDbaIK4Dk=
 github.com/ebitengine/purego v0.8.4 h1:CF7LEKg5FFOsASUj0+QwaXf8Ht6TlFxg09+S9wz0omw=
 github.com/ebitengine/purego v0.8.4/go.mod h1:iIjxzd6CiRiOG0UyXP+V1+jWqUXVjPKLAI0mRfJZTmQ=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.18.0 h1:S8gINlzdQ840/4pfAwic/ZE0djQEH3wM94VfqLTZcOM=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.18.0/go.mod h1:4FelSpRwEGDpQ12mAdzqdOukCy4u8WUtOY6lkT/6HfU=
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 h1:NFTV2Zj1bL4mc9sqWACXbQFVBBg2W3GPvqp8/ESS2Wg=
 github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4/go.mod h1:m8KPJKqk1gH5J9DgRY2ASl2lWCfGKXixSwevea8zH2U=
 github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.14.6 h1:7Xjx+VpznH+oBnejlPUj8oUpdxnVs4f8XU8WnHkI4W8=
@@ -80,8 +82,8 @@ github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1/go.mod h1:xekY+UJKNuX9WP91
 github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.14.0 h1:vgvQWe3XCz3gIeFDm/HnTIbj6UGmg/+t63MyGU2n5js=
 github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.14.0/go.mod h1:9iXMNT7sEkjXb0I+enO7QXmzG6QCsPWY4zveKFVRSyU=
 github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.7.0/go.mod h1:OXbVy3sEdcQ2Doequ6Z5BW6fXNQTmx+9S1MCJN5yJMI=
-github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.8.1 h1:LedoTUt/eveggdHS9qUFC1EFSa8bU2+1pZjSRpvNJ1Y=
-github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.8.1/go.mod h1:wEBSXgmK//2ZFJyE+qWnIsVGmvmEKlqwuVSjsCm7DZg=
+github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.9.0 h1:Y0zIbQXhQKmQgTp44Y1dp3wTXcn804QoTptLZT1vtvo=
+github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.9.0/go.mod h1:pDetrLJeA3oMujJuvXc8RJoasr589B6A9fwzD3QMrqw=
 github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.2 h1:CrxCmQqYDkv1z7lO7Wbh2HN93uovUHgrECaO5ZrCXAU=
 github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.2/go.mod h1:6MelG93GURQebXPDq3khkgXZkazVtN9CRI+MGFi0w8I=
 github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.0 h1:d/ix8ftRUorsN+5eMIlF4T6J8CAt9rch3My2winC1Jw=
@@ -113,12 +115,12 @@ github.com/imroc/req/v3 v3.56.0 h1:t6YdqqerYBXhZ9+VjqsQs5wlKxdUNEvsgBhxWc1AEEo=
 github.com/imroc/req/v3 v3.56.0/go.mod h1:cUZSooE8hhzFNOrAbdxuemXDQxFXLQTnu3066jr7ZGk=
 github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 h1:/6Hmqy13Ss2zCq62VdNG8tM1wchn8zjSGOBJ6icpsIM=
 github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0/go.mod h1:CEx0iS5ambNFdcRtxPj5JhEz+xB6uRky5eyVu/W2HEg=
-github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20231201235250-de7065d80cb9 h1:L0QtFUgDarD7Fpv9jeVMgy/+Ec0mtnmYuImjTz6dtDA=
-github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20231201235250-de7065d80cb9/go.mod h1:5TJZWKEWniPve33vlWYSoGYefn3gLQRzjfDlhSJ9ZKM=
-github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.5.5 h1:amBjrZVmksIdNjxGW/IiIMzxMKZFelXbUoPNb+8sjQw=
-github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.5.5/go.mod h1:ez9gk+OAat140fv9ErkZDYFWmXLfV+++K0uAOiwgm1A=
-github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.1 h1:RhxXJtFG022u4ibrCSMSiu5aOq1i77R3OHKNJj77OAk=
-github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:vriiEXHvEE654aYKXXjOvZM39qJ0q+azkZFrfEOc3H4=
+github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 h1:iCEnooe7UlwOQYpKFhBabPMi4aNAfoODPEFNiAnClxo=
+github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761/go.mod h1:5TJZWKEWniPve33vlWYSoGYefn3gLQRzjfDlhSJ9ZKM=
+github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.7.4 h1:9wKznZrhWa2QiHL+NjTSPP6yjl3451BX3imWDnokYlg=
+github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.7.4/go.mod h1:ncY89UGWxg82EykZUwSpUKEfccBGGYq1xjrOpsbsfGQ=
+github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 h1:PR8nw+E/1w0GLuRFSmiioY6UooMp6KJv0/61nB7icHo=
+github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:vriiEXHvEE654aYKXXjOvZM39qJ0q+azkZFrfEOc3H4=
 github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 h1:K317FqzuhWc8YvSVlFMCCUb36O/S9MCKRDI7QkRKD/E=
 github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0/go.mod h1:h+uFLlag+Qp1Va5pdKtLDYj+kHp5pxUVkryuEj+Srlc=
 github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 h1:/o9tlHleP7gOFmsnYNz3RGnqzefHA47wQpKrrdTIwXQ=
@@ -142,8 +144,11 @@ github.com/lufia/plan9stats v0.0.0-20211012122336-39d0f177ccd0 h1:6E+4a0GO5zZEnZ
 github.com/lufia/plan9stats v0.0.0-20211012122336-39d0f177ccd0/go.mod h1:zJYVVT2jmtg6P3p1VtQj7WsuWi/y4VnjVBn7F8KPB3I=
 github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.10 h1:s31yESBquKXCV9a/ScB3ESkOjUYYv+X0rg8SYxI99mE=
 github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.10/go.mod h1:Dhd985XPs7jluiymwWYZ0G4Z61jb3vdS329zhj2hYo0=
-github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.19 h1:JITubQf0MOLdlGRuRq+jtsDlekdYPia9ZFsB8h/APPA=
-github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.19/go.mod h1:W+V8PltTTMOvKvAeJH7IuucS94S2C6jfK/D7dTCTo3Y=
+github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 h1:fFA4WZxdEF4tXPZVKMLwD8oUnCTTo08duU7wxecdEvA=
+github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13/go.mod h1:7S9/ev0klgBDR4GtXTXX8a3vIGJpMovkB8vQcUbaXHg=
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.16/go.mod h1:kYGgaQfpe5nmfYZH+SKPsOc2e4SrIfOl2e/yFXSvRLM=
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 h1:xfD0iDuEKnDkl03q4limB+vH+GxLEtL/jb4xVJSWWEY=
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20/go.mod h1:W+V8PltTTMOvKvAeJH7IuucS94S2C6jfK/D7dTCTo3Y=
 github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.15 h1:vfoHhTN1af61xCRSWzFIWzx2YskyMTwHLrExkBOjvxI=
 github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.15/go.mod h1:2eHXhiwb8IkHr+BDWZGa96P6+rkvnG63S2DGjv9HUNg=
 github.com/mdelapenya/tlscert v0.2.0 h1:7H81W6Z/4weDvZBNOfQte5GpIMo0lGYEeWbkGp5LJHI=
@@ -179,8 +184,8 @@ github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0 h1:apOUWs51W5PlhuyGyz9FCeeBIOUDA/6nW8
 github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0/go.mod h1:0JzlMkj0TRzQZfJkVvzbP0HBR3IKzErnv2BNG4W4MAM=
 github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.1 h1:y0fUlFfIZhPF1W537XOLg0/fcx6zcHCJwooC2xJA040=
 github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.1/go.mod h1:qpqAh3Dmcf36wStyyWU+kCeDgrGnAve2nCC8+7h8Q0M=
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.1.0 h1:FnwAJ4oYMvbT/34k9zzHuZNrhlz48GB3/s6at6/MHO4=
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:tJU2Z3ZkXwnxa4DPO899bsyIoywizdUvyaeZurnPPDc=
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.2 h1:aYUidT7k73Pcl9nb2gScu7NSrKCSHIDE89b3+6Wq+LM=
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:1t835xjRzz80PqgE6HHgN2JOsmgYu/h4qDAS4n929Rs=
 github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 h1:FEBLx1zS214owpjy7qsBeixbURkuhQAwrK5UwLGTwt4=
 github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1/go.mod h1:bwawxfHBFNV+L2hUp1rHADufV3IMtnDRdf1r5NINEl0=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
@@ -188,12 +193,14 @@ github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 h1:Jamvg5psRI
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/power-devops/perfstat v0.0.0-20210106213030-5aafc221ea8c h1:ncq/mPwQF4JjgDlrVEn3C11VoGHZN7m8qihwgMEtzYw=
 github.com/power-devops/perfstat v0.0.0-20210106213030-5aafc221ea8c/go.mod h1:OmDBASR4679mdNQnz2pUhc2G8CO2JrUAVFDRBDP/hJE=
+github.com/prashantv/gostub v1.1.0 h1:BTyx3RfQjRHnUWaGF9oQos79AlQ5k8WNktv7VGvVH4g=
+github.com/prashantv/gostub v1.1.0/go.mod h1:A5zLQHz7ieHGG7is6LLXLz7I8+3LZzsrV0P1IAHhP5U=
 github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.5.1 h1:giqksBPnT/HDtZ6VhtFKgoLOWmlyo9Ei6u9PqzIMbhI=
 github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.5.1/go.mod h1:+PC4XFrEskIVkcLzpEkbLqq1uCoxPhQuvK5rH1ZgaEg=
 github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.56.0 h1:q/TW+OLismmXAehgFLczhCDTYB3bFmua4D9lsNBWxvY=
 github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.56.0/go.mod h1:9gx5KsFQtw2oZ6GZTyh+7YEvOxWCL9WZAepnHxgAo6c=
-github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.7.3 h1:YpPyAayJV+XErNsatSElgRZZVCwXX9QzkKYNvO7x0wM=
-github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.7.3/go.mod h1:bGUrSggJ9X9GUmZpZNEOQKaANxSGgOEBRltRTZHSvrA=
+github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.17.2 h1:P2EGsA4qVIM3Pp+aPocCJ7DguDHhqrXNhVcEp4ViluI=
+github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.17.2/go.mod h1:u410H11HMLoB+TP67dz8rL9s6QW2j76l0//kSOd3370=
 github.com/refraction-networking/utls v1.8.1 h1:yNY1kapmQU8JeM1sSw2H2asfTIwWxIkrMJI0pRUOCAo=
 github.com/refraction-networking/utls v1.8.1/go.mod h1:jkSOEkLqn+S/jtpEHPOsVv/4V4EVnelwbMQl4vCWXAM=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.13.1 h1:KvO1DLK/DRN07sQ1LQKScxyZJuNnedQ5/wKSR38lUII=
@@ -208,6 +215,8 @@ github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3 h1:dueUQJ1C2q9oE3F7wvmSGAaVtTmUizReu6fjN8uqzbQ
 github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3/go.mod h1:naHLuLoDiP4jHNo9R0sCBMtWGeIprob74mVsIT4qYEQ=
 github.com/sourcegraph/conc v0.3.0 h1:OQTbbt6P72L20UqAkXXuLOj79LfEanQ+YQFNpLA9ySo=
 github.com/sourcegraph/conc v0.3.0/go.mod h1:Sdozi7LEKbFPqYX2/J+iBAM6HpqSLTASQIKqDmF7Mt0=
+github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0 h1:7c1g84S4BPRrfL5Xrdp6fOJ206sU9y293DDHaoy0bLI=
+github.com/spaolacci/murmur3 v1.1.0/go.mod h1:JwIasOWyU6f++ZhiEuf87xNszmSA2myDM2Kzu9HwQUA=
 github.com/spf13/afero v1.11.0 h1:WJQKhtpdm3v2IzqG8VMqrr6Rf3UYpEF239Jy9wNepM8=
 github.com/spf13/afero v1.11.0/go.mod h1:GH9Y3pIexgf1MTIWtNGyogA5MwRIDXGUr+hbWNoBjkY=
 github.com/spf13/cast v1.6.0 h1:GEiTHELF+vaR5dhz3VqZfFSzZjYbgeKDpBxQVS4GYJ0=
@@ -228,6 +237,7 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:yNjHg4UonilssWZ8iaSj1OCr/vHnekPRkoO
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.1/go.mod h1:w2LPCIKwWwSfY2zedu0+kehJoqGctiVI29o6fzry7u4=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.2/go.mod h1:w2LPCIKwWwSfY2zedu0+kehJoqGctiVI29o6fzry7u4=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4/go.mod h1:sz/lmYIOXD/1dqDmKjjqLyZ2RngseejIcXlSw2iwfAo=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1 h1:7s2iGBzp5EwR7/aIZr8ao5+dra3wiQyKjjFuvgVKu7U=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1/go.mod h1:wZwfW3scLgRK+23gO65QZefKpKQRnfz6sD981Nm4B6U=
 github.com/subosito/gotenv v1.6.0 h1:9NlTDc1FTs4qu0DDq7AEtTPNw6SVm7uBMsUCUjABIf8=
@@ -259,26 +269,30 @@ github.com/xyproto/randomstring v1.0.5 h1:YtlWPoRdgMu3NZtP45drfy1GKoojuR7hmRcnhZ
 github.com/xyproto/randomstring v1.0.5/go.mod h1:rgmS5DeNXLivK7YprL0pY+lTuhNQW3iGxZ18UQApw/E=
 github.com/yusufpapurcu/wmi v1.2.4 h1:zFUKzehAFReQwLys1b/iSMl+JQGSCSjtVqQn9bBrPo0=
 github.com/yusufpapurcu/wmi v1.2.4/go.mod h1:SBZ9tNy3G9/m5Oi98Zks0QjeHVDvuK0qfxQmPyzfmi0=
+github.com/zeromicro/go-zero v1.9.4 h1:aRLFoISqAYijABtkbliQC5SsI5TbizJpQvoHc9xup8k=
+github.com/zeromicro/go-zero v1.9.4/go.mod h1:a17JOTch25SWxBcUgJZYps60hygK3pIYdw7nGwlcS38=
 go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 h1:cH53jehLUN6UFLY71z+NDOiNJqDdPRaXzTel0sJySYA=
 go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0/go.mod h1:3wSPjt5PWp2RhlCcmmOial7AvC4DQqZb7a7wCow3W8A=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.49.0 h1:jq9TW8u3so/bN+JPT166wjOI6/vQPF6Xe7nMNIltagk=
 go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.49.0/go.mod h1:p8pYQP+m5XfbZm9fxtSKAbM6oIllS7s2AfxrChvc7iw=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.37.0 h1:9zhNfelUvx0KBfu/gb+ZgeAfAgtWrfHJZcAqFC228wQ=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.37.0/go.mod h1:ehE/umFRLnuLa/vSccNq9oS1ErUlkkK71gMcN34UG8I=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.19.0 h1:Mne5On7VWdx7omSrSSZvM4Kw7cS7NQkOOmLcgscI51U=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.19.0/go.mod h1:IPtUMKL4O3tH5y+iXVyAXqpAwMuzC1IrxVS81rummfE=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.19.0 h1:IeMeyr1aBvBiPVYihXIaeIZba6b8E1bYp7lbdxK8CQg=
-go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.19.0/go.mod h1:oVdCUtjq9MK9BlS7TtucsQwUcXcymNiEDjgDD2jMtZU=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.24.0 h1:t6wl9SPayj+c7lEIFgm4ooDBZVb01IhLB4InpomhRw8=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.24.0/go.mod h1:iSDOcsnSA5INXzZtwaBPrKp/lWu/V14Dd+llD0oI2EA=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.24.0 h1:Xw8U6u2f8DK2XAkGRFV7BBLENgnTGX9i4rQRxJf+/vs=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.24.0/go.mod h1:6KW1Fm6R/s6Z3PGXwSJN2K4eT6wQB3vXX6CVnYX9NmM=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.37.0 h1:mvwbQS5m0tbmqML4NqK+e3aDiO02vsf/WgbsdpcPoZE=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.37.0/go.mod h1:04wGrZurHYKOc+RKeye86GwKiTb9FKm1WHtO+4EVr2E=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.37.0 h1:ItB0QUqnjesGRvNcmAcU0LyvkVyGJ2xftD29bWdDvKI=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.37.0/go.mod h1:VredYzxUvuo2q3WRcDnKDjbdvmO0sCzOvVAiY+yUkAg=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0 h1:HLdcFNbRQBE2imdSEgm/kwqmQj1Or1l/7bW6mxVK7z4=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0/go.mod h1:TlgrlQ+PtQO5XFerSPUYG0JSgGyryXewPGyayAWSBS0=
-go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.0.0 h1:T0TX0tmXU8a3CbNXzEKGeU5mIVOdf0oykP+u2lIVU/I=
-go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.0.0/go.mod h1:Sy6pihPLfYHkr3NkUbEhGHFhINUSI/v80hjKIs5JXpM=
-go.uber.org/atomic v1.9.0 h1:ECmE8Bn/WFTYwEW/bpKD3M8VtR/zQVbavAoalC1PYyE=
-go.uber.org/atomic v1.9.0/go.mod h1:fEN4uk6kAWBTFdckzkM89CLk9XfWZrxpCo0nPH17wJc=
+go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.3.1 h1:TrMUixzpM0yuc/znrFTP9MMRh8trP93mkCiDVeXrui0=
+go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.3.1/go.mod h1:0X1WI4de4ZsLrrJNLAQbFeLCm3T7yBkR0XqQ7niQU+8=
+go.uber.org/atomic v1.10.0 h1:9qC72Qh0+3MqyJbAn8YU5xVq1frD8bn3JtD2oXtafVQ=
+go.uber.org/atomic v1.10.0/go.mod h1:LUxbIzbOniOlMKjJjyPfpl4v+PKK2cNJn91OQbhoJI0=
+go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.6.0 h1:O3y2/QNTOdbF+e/dpXNNW7Rx2hZ4sTIPyybbxyNqTUs=
+go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.6.0/go.mod h1:ifeIMSnPZuznNm6jmdzmU3/bfk01Fe2fotchwEFJ8r8=
 go.uber.org/mock v0.6.0 h1:hyF9dfmbgIX5EfOdasqLsWD6xqpNZlXblLB/Dbnwv3Y=
 go.uber.org/mock v0.6.0/go.mod h1:KiVJ4BqZJaMj4svdfmHM0AUx4NJYO8ZNpPnZn1Z+BBU=
 go.uber.org/multierr v1.9.0 h1:7fIwc/ZtS0q++VgcfqFDxSBZVv/Xo49/SYnDFupUwlI=
@@ -301,6 +315,7 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201204225414-ed752295db88/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210616094352-59db8d763f22/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220704084225-05e143d24a9e/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220715151400-c0bba94af5f8/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.11.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
--- a/backend/internal/repository/account_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/account_repo.go
@@ -171,6 +171,27 @@ func (r *accountRepository) UpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&accountModel{}).Where("id = ?", id).Update("last_used_at", now).Error
 }

+func (r *accountRepository) BatchUpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, updates map[int64]time.Time) error {
+	if len(updates) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var caseSql = "UPDATE accounts SET last_used_at = CASE id"
+	var args []any
+	var ids []int64
+
+	for id, ts := range updates {
+		caseSql += " WHEN ? THEN CAST(? AS TIMESTAMP)"
+		args = append(args, id, ts)
+		ids = append(ids, id)
+	}
+
+	caseSql += " END WHERE id IN ?"
+	args = append(args, ids)
+
+	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Exec(caseSql, args...).Error
+}
+
 func (r *accountRepository) SetError(ctx context.Context, id int64, errorMsg string) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&accountModel{}).Where("id = ?", id).
 		Updates(map[string]any{
--- a/backend/internal/service/account_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/account_service.go
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ type AccountRepository interface {
 	ListByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]Account, error)

 	UpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+	BatchUpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, updates map[int64]time.Time) error
 	SetError(ctx context.Context, id int64, errorMsg string) error
 	SetSchedulable(ctx context.Context, id int64, schedulable bool) error
 	BindGroups(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, groupIDs []int64) error
--- a/backend/internal/service/deferred_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/deferred_service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// DeferredService provides deferred batch update functionality
+type DeferredService struct {
+	accountRepo AccountRepository
+	timingWheel *TimingWheelService
+	interval    time.Duration
+
+	lastUsedUpdates sync.Map
+}
+
+// NewDeferredService creates a new DeferredService instance
+func NewDeferredService(accountRepo AccountRepository, timingWheel *TimingWheelService, interval time.Duration) *DeferredService {
+	return &DeferredService{
+		accountRepo: accountRepo,
+		timingWheel: timingWheel,
+		interval:    interval,
+	}
+}
+
+// Start starts the deferred service
+func (s *DeferredService) Start() {
+	s.timingWheel.ScheduleRecurring("deferred:last_used", s.interval, s.flushLastUsed)
+	log.Printf("[DeferredService] Started (interval: %v)", s.interval)
+}
+
+// Stop stops the deferred service
+func (s *DeferredService) Stop() {
+	s.timingWheel.Cancel("deferred:last_used")
+	s.flushLastUsed()
+	log.Printf("[DeferredService] Service stopped")
+}
+
+func (s *DeferredService) ScheduleLastUsedUpdate(accountID int64) {
+	s.lastUsedUpdates.Store(accountID, time.Now())
+}
+
+func (s *DeferredService) flushLastUsed() {
+	updates := make(map[int64]time.Time)
+	s.lastUsedUpdates.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
+		id, ok := key.(int64)
+		if !ok {
+			return true
+		}
+		ts, ok := value.(time.Time)
+		if !ok {
+			return true
+		}
+		updates[id] = ts
+		s.lastUsedUpdates.Delete(key)
+		return true
+	})
+
+	if len(updates) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if err := s.accountRepo.BatchUpdateLastUsed(ctx, updates); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[DeferredService] BatchUpdateLastUsed failed (%d accounts): %v", len(updates), err)
+		for id, ts := range updates {
+			s.lastUsedUpdates.Store(id, ts)
+		}
+	} else {
+		log.Printf("[DeferredService] BatchUpdateLastUsed flushed %d accounts", len(updates))
+	}
+}
--- a/backend/internal/service/gateway_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/gateway_service.go
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ type GatewayService struct {
 	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService
 	identityService     *IdentityService
 	httpUpstream        HTTPUpstream
+	deferredService     *DeferredService
 }

 // NewGatewayService creates a new GatewayService
@@ -118,6 +119,7 @@ func NewGatewayService(
 	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService,
 	identityService *IdentityService,
 	httpUpstream HTTPUpstream,
+	deferredService *DeferredService,
 ) *GatewayService {
 	return &GatewayService{
 		accountRepo:         accountRepo,
@@ -131,6 +133,7 @@ func NewGatewayService(
 		billingCacheService: billingCacheService,
 		identityService:     identityService,
 		httpUpstream:        httpUpstream,
+		deferredService:     deferredService,
 	}
 }

@@ -1095,10 +1098,8 @@ func (s *GatewayService) RecordUsage(ctx context.Context, input *RecordUsageInpu
 		}
 	}

-	// 更新账号最后使用时间
-	if err := s.accountRepo.UpdateLastUsed(ctx, account.ID); err != nil {
-		log.Printf("Update last used failed: %v", err)
-	}
+	// Schedule batch update for account last_used_at
+	s.deferredService.ScheduleLastUsedUpdate(account.ID)

 	return nil
 }
--- a/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service.go
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ type OpenAIGatewayService struct {
 	rateLimitService    *RateLimitService
 	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService
 	httpUpstream        HTTPUpstream
+	deferredService     *DeferredService
 }

 // NewOpenAIGatewayService creates a new OpenAIGatewayService
@@ -97,6 +98,7 @@ func NewOpenAIGatewayService(
 	rateLimitService *RateLimitService,
 	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService,
 	httpUpstream HTTPUpstream,
+	deferredService *DeferredService,
 ) *OpenAIGatewayService {
 	return &OpenAIGatewayService{
 		accountRepo:         accountRepo,
@@ -109,6 +111,7 @@ func NewOpenAIGatewayService(
 		rateLimitService:    rateLimitService,
 		billingCacheService: billingCacheService,
 		httpUpstream:        httpUpstream,
+		deferredService:     deferredService,
 	}
 }

@@ -772,8 +775,8 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) RecordUsage(ctx context.Context, input *OpenAIRec
 		}
 	}

-	// Update account last used
-	_ = s.accountRepo.UpdateLastUsed(ctx, account.ID)
+	// Schedule batch update for account last_used_at
+	s.deferredService.ScheduleLastUsedUpdate(account.ID)

 	return nil
 }
--- a/backend/internal/service/timing_wheel_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/timing_wheel_service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"log"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/collection"
+)
+
+// TimingWheelService wraps go-zero's TimingWheel for task scheduling
+type TimingWheelService struct {
+	tw       *collection.TimingWheel
+	stopOnce sync.Once
+}
+
+// NewTimingWheelService creates a new TimingWheelService instance
+func NewTimingWheelService() *TimingWheelService {
+	// 1 second tick, 3600 slots = supports up to 1 hour delay
+	// execute function: runs func() type tasks
+	tw, err := collection.NewTimingWheel(1*time.Second, 3600, func(key, value any) {
+		if fn, ok := value.(func()); ok {
+			fn()
+		}
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return &TimingWheelService{tw: tw}
+}
+
+// Start starts the timing wheel
+func (s *TimingWheelService) Start() {
+	log.Println("[TimingWheel] Started (auto-start by go-zero)")
+}
+
+// Stop stops the timing wheel
+func (s *TimingWheelService) Stop() {
+	s.stopOnce.Do(func() {
+		s.tw.Stop()
+		log.Println("[TimingWheel] Stopped")
+	})
+}
+
+// Schedule schedules a one-time task
+func (s *TimingWheelService) Schedule(name string, delay time.Duration, fn func()) {
+	_ = s.tw.SetTimer(name, fn, delay)
+}
+
+// ScheduleRecurring schedules a recurring task
+func (s *TimingWheelService) ScheduleRecurring(name string, interval time.Duration, fn func()) {
+	var schedule func()
+	schedule = func() {
+		fn()
+		_ = s.tw.SetTimer(name, schedule, interval)
+	}
+	_ = s.tw.SetTimer(name, schedule, interval)
+}
+
+// Cancel cancels a scheduled task
+func (s *TimingWheelService) Cancel(name string) {
+	_ = s.tw.RemoveTimer(name)
+}
--- a/backend/internal/service/wire.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/wire.go
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package service

 import (
+	"time"
+
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
 	"github.com/google/wire"
 )
@@ -44,6 +46,20 @@ func ProvideTokenRefreshService(
 	return svc
 }

+// ProvideTimingWheelService creates and starts TimingWheelService
+func ProvideTimingWheelService() *TimingWheelService {
+	svc := NewTimingWheelService()
+	svc.Start()
+	return svc
+}
+
+// ProvideDeferredService creates and starts DeferredService
+func ProvideDeferredService(accountRepo AccountRepository, timingWheel *TimingWheelService) *DeferredService {
+	svc := NewDeferredService(accountRepo, timingWheel, 10*time.Second)
+	svc.Start()
+	return svc
+}
+
 // ProviderSet is the Wire provider set for all services
 var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	// Core services
@@ -80,4 +96,6 @@ var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	NewCRSSyncService,
 	ProvideUpdateService,
 	ProvideTokenRefreshService,
+	ProvideTimingWheelService,
+	ProvideDeferredService,
 )