merge upstream/main

2026-02-06 11:33:45 +08:00
parent 029994a83b 4809fa4f19
commit 7319122e92
89 changed files with 10119 additions and 343 deletions
--- a/backend/internal/handler/admin/error_passthrough_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/admin/error_passthrough_handler.go
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+package admin
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/model"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+)
+
+// ErrorPassthroughHandler 处理错误透传规则的 HTTP 请求
+type ErrorPassthroughHandler struct {
+	service *service.ErrorPassthroughService
+}
+
+// NewErrorPassthroughHandler 创建错误透传规则处理器
+func NewErrorPassthroughHandler(service *service.ErrorPassthroughService) *ErrorPassthroughHandler {
+	return &ErrorPassthroughHandler{service: service}
+}
+
+// CreateErrorPassthroughRuleRequest 创建规则请求
+type CreateErrorPassthroughRuleRequest struct {
+	Name            string   `json:"name" binding:"required"`
+	Enabled         *bool    `json:"enabled"`
+	Priority        int      `json:"priority"`
+	ErrorCodes      []int    `json:"error_codes"`
+	Keywords        []string `json:"keywords"`
+	MatchMode       string   `json:"match_mode"`
+	Platforms       []string `json:"platforms"`
+	PassthroughCode *bool    `json:"passthrough_code"`
+	ResponseCode    *int     `json:"response_code"`
+	PassthroughBody *bool    `json:"passthrough_body"`
+	CustomMessage   *string  `json:"custom_message"`
+	Description     *string  `json:"description"`
+}
+
+// UpdateErrorPassthroughRuleRequest 更新规则请求（部分更新，所有字段可选）
+type UpdateErrorPassthroughRuleRequest struct {
+	Name            *string  `json:"name"`
+	Enabled         *bool    `json:"enabled"`
+	Priority        *int     `json:"priority"`
+	ErrorCodes      []int    `json:"error_codes"`
+	Keywords        []string `json:"keywords"`
+	MatchMode       *string  `json:"match_mode"`
+	Platforms       []string `json:"platforms"`
+	PassthroughCode *bool    `json:"passthrough_code"`
+	ResponseCode    *int     `json:"response_code"`
+	PassthroughBody *bool    `json:"passthrough_body"`
+	CustomMessage   *string  `json:"custom_message"`
+	Description     *string  `json:"description"`
+}
+
+// List 获取所有规则
+// GET /api/v1/admin/error-passthrough-rules
+func (h *ErrorPassthroughHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
+	rules, err := h.service.List(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+	response.Success(c, rules)
+}
+
+// GetByID 根据 ID 获取规则
+// GET /api/v1/admin/error-passthrough-rules/:id
+func (h *ErrorPassthroughHandler) GetByID(c *gin.Context) {
+	id, err := strconv.ParseInt(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid rule ID")
+		return
+	}
+
+	rule, err := h.service.GetByID(c.Request.Context(), id)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+	if rule == nil {
+		response.NotFound(c, "Rule not found")
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, rule)
+}
+
+// Create 创建规则
+// POST /api/v1/admin/error-passthrough-rules
+func (h *ErrorPassthroughHandler) Create(c *gin.Context) {
+	var req CreateErrorPassthroughRuleRequest
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	rule := &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		Name:       req.Name,
+		Priority:   req.Priority,
+		ErrorCodes: req.ErrorCodes,
+		Keywords:   req.Keywords,
+		Platforms:  req.Platforms,
+	}
+
+	// 设置默认值
+	if req.Enabled != nil {
+		rule.Enabled = *req.Enabled
+	} else {
+		rule.Enabled = true
+	}
+	if req.MatchMode != "" {
+		rule.MatchMode = req.MatchMode
+	} else {
+		rule.MatchMode = model.MatchModeAny
+	}
+	if req.PassthroughCode != nil {
+		rule.PassthroughCode = *req.PassthroughCode
+	} else {
+		rule.PassthroughCode = true
+	}
+	if req.PassthroughBody != nil {
+		rule.PassthroughBody = *req.PassthroughBody
+	} else {
+		rule.PassthroughBody = true
+	}
+	rule.ResponseCode = req.ResponseCode
+	rule.CustomMessage = req.CustomMessage
+	rule.Description = req.Description
+
+	// 确保切片不为 nil
+	if rule.ErrorCodes == nil {
+		rule.ErrorCodes = []int{}
+	}
+	if rule.Keywords == nil {
+		rule.Keywords = []string{}
+	}
+	if rule.Platforms == nil {
+		rule.Platforms = []string{}
+	}
+
+	created, err := h.service.Create(c.Request.Context(), rule)
+	if err != nil {
+		if _, ok := err.(*model.ValidationError); ok {
+			response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+			return
+		}
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, created)
+}
+
+// Update 更新规则（支持部分更新）
+// PUT /api/v1/admin/error-passthrough-rules/:id
+func (h *ErrorPassthroughHandler) Update(c *gin.Context) {
+	id, err := strconv.ParseInt(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid rule ID")
+		return
+	}
+
+	var req UpdateErrorPassthroughRuleRequest
+	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid request: "+err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
+	// 先获取现有规则
+	existing, err := h.service.GetByID(c.Request.Context(), id)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+	if existing == nil {
+		response.NotFound(c, "Rule not found")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// 部分更新：只更新请求中提供的字段
+	rule := &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		ID:              id,
+		Name:            existing.Name,
+		Enabled:         existing.Enabled,
+		Priority:        existing.Priority,
+		ErrorCodes:      existing.ErrorCodes,
+		Keywords:        existing.Keywords,
+		MatchMode:       existing.MatchMode,
+		Platforms:       existing.Platforms,
+		PassthroughCode: existing.PassthroughCode,
+		ResponseCode:    existing.ResponseCode,
+		PassthroughBody: existing.PassthroughBody,
+		CustomMessage:   existing.CustomMessage,
+		Description:     existing.Description,
+	}
+
+	// 应用请求中提供的更新
+	if req.Name != nil {
+		rule.Name = *req.Name
+	}
+	if req.Enabled != nil {
+		rule.Enabled = *req.Enabled
+	}
+	if req.Priority != nil {
+		rule.Priority = *req.Priority
+	}
+	if req.ErrorCodes != nil {
+		rule.ErrorCodes = req.ErrorCodes
+	}
+	if req.Keywords != nil {
+		rule.Keywords = req.Keywords
+	}
+	if req.MatchMode != nil {
+		rule.MatchMode = *req.MatchMode
+	}
+	if req.Platforms != nil {
+		rule.Platforms = req.Platforms
+	}
+	if req.PassthroughCode != nil {
+		rule.PassthroughCode = *req.PassthroughCode
+	}
+	if req.ResponseCode != nil {
+		rule.ResponseCode = req.ResponseCode
+	}
+	if req.PassthroughBody != nil {
+		rule.PassthroughBody = *req.PassthroughBody
+	}
+	if req.CustomMessage != nil {
+		rule.CustomMessage = req.CustomMessage
+	}
+	if req.Description != nil {
+		rule.Description = req.Description
+	}
+
+	// 确保切片不为 nil
+	if rule.ErrorCodes == nil {
+		rule.ErrorCodes = []int{}
+	}
+	if rule.Keywords == nil {
+		rule.Keywords = []string{}
+	}
+	if rule.Platforms == nil {
+		rule.Platforms = []string{}
+	}
+
+	updated, err := h.service.Update(c.Request.Context(), rule)
+	if err != nil {
+		if _, ok := err.(*model.ValidationError); ok {
+			response.BadRequest(c, err.Error())
+			return
+		}
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, updated)
+}
+
+// Delete 删除规则
+// DELETE /api/v1/admin/error-passthrough-rules/:id
+func (h *ErrorPassthroughHandler) Delete(c *gin.Context) {
+	id, err := strconv.ParseInt(c.Param("id"), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Invalid rule ID")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := h.service.Delete(c.Request.Context(), id); err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, gin.H{"message": "Rule deleted successfully"})
+}
--- a/backend/internal/handler/admin/user_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/admin/user_handler.go
@@ -45,6 +45,9 @@ type UpdateUserRequest struct {
 	Concurrency   *int     `json:"concurrency"`
 	Status        string   `json:"status" binding:"omitempty,oneof=active disabled"`
 	AllowedGroups *[]int64 `json:"allowed_groups"`
+	// GroupRates 用户专属分组倍率配置
+	// map[groupID]*rate，nil 表示删除该分组的专属倍率
+	GroupRates map[int64]*float64 `json:"group_rates"`
 }

 // UpdateBalanceRequest represents balance update request
@@ -183,6 +186,7 @@ func (h *UserHandler) Update(c *gin.Context) {
 		Concurrency:   req.Concurrency,
 		Status:        req.Status,
 		AllowedGroups: req.AllowedGroups,
+		GroupRates:    req.GroupRates,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
--- a/backend/internal/handler/api_key_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/api_key_handler.go
@@ -243,3 +243,21 @@ func (h *APIKeyHandler) GetAvailableGroups(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 	response.Success(c, out)
 }
+
+// GetUserGroupRates 获取当前用户的专属分组倍率配置
+// GET /api/v1/groups/rates
+func (h *APIKeyHandler) GetUserGroupRates(c *gin.Context) {
+	subject, ok := middleware2.GetAuthSubjectFromContext(c)
+	if !ok {
+		response.Unauthorized(c, "User not authenticated")
+		return
+	}
+
+	rates, err := h.apiKeyService.GetUserGroupRates(c.Request.Context(), subject.UserID)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	response.Success(c, rates)
+}
--- a/backend/internal/handler/dto/mappers.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/dto/mappers.go
@@ -58,8 +58,9 @@ func UserFromServiceAdmin(u *service.User) *AdminUser {
 		return nil
 	}
 	return &AdminUser{
-		User:  *base,
-		Notes: u.Notes,
+		User:       *base,
+		Notes:      u.Notes,
+		GroupRates: u.GroupRates,
 	}
 }

--- a/backend/internal/handler/dto/types.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/dto/types.go
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ type AdminUser struct {
 	User

 	Notes string `json:"notes"`
+	// GroupRates 用户专属分组倍率配置
+	// map[groupID]rateMultiplier
+	GroupRates map[int64]float64 `json:"group_rates,omitempty"`
 }

 type APIKey struct {
--- a/backend/internal/handler/gateway_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/gateway_handler.go
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ type GatewayHandler struct {
 	billingCacheService       *service.BillingCacheService
 	usageService              *service.UsageService
 	apiKeyService             *service.APIKeyService
+	errorPassthroughService   *service.ErrorPassthroughService
 	concurrencyHelper         *ConcurrencyHelper
 	maxAccountSwitches        int
 	maxAccountSwitchesGemini  int
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ func NewGatewayHandler(
 	billingCacheService *service.BillingCacheService,
 	usageService *service.UsageService,
 	apiKeyService *service.APIKeyService,
+	errorPassthroughService *service.ErrorPassthroughService,
 	cfg *config.Config,
 ) *GatewayHandler {
 	pingInterval := time.Duration(0)
@@ -70,6 +72,7 @@ func NewGatewayHandler(
 		billingCacheService:       billingCacheService,
 		usageService:              usageService,
 		apiKeyService:             apiKeyService,
+		errorPassthroughService:   errorPassthroughService,
 		concurrencyHelper:         NewConcurrencyHelper(concurrencyService, SSEPingFormatClaude, pingInterval),
 		maxAccountSwitches:        maxAccountSwitches,
 		maxAccountSwitchesGemini:  maxAccountSwitchesGemini,
@@ -201,7 +204,7 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 		maxAccountSwitches := h.maxAccountSwitchesGemini
 		switchCount := 0
 		failedAccountIDs := make(map[int64]struct{})
-		lastFailoverStatus := 0
+		var lastFailoverErr *service.UpstreamFailoverError

 		for {
 			selection, err := h.gatewayService.SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(c.Request.Context(), apiKey.GroupID, sessionKey, reqModel, failedAccountIDs, "") // Gemini 不使用会话限制
@@ -210,7 +213,11 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 					h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "api_error", "No available accounts: "+err.Error(), streamStarted)
 					return
 				}
-				h.handleFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverStatus, streamStarted)
+				if lastFailoverErr != nil {
+					h.handleFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverErr, service.PlatformGemini, streamStarted)
+				} else {
+					h.handleFailoverExhaustedSimple(c, 502, streamStarted)
+				}
 				return
 			}
 			account := selection.Account
@@ -301,9 +308,9 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 				var failoverErr *service.UpstreamFailoverError
 				if errors.As(err, &failoverErr) {
 					failedAccountIDs[account.ID] = struct{}{}
-					lastFailoverStatus = failoverErr.StatusCode
+					lastFailoverErr = failoverErr
 					if switchCount >= maxAccountSwitches {
-						h.handleFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverStatus, streamStarted)
+						h.handleFailoverExhausted(c, failoverErr, service.PlatformGemini, streamStarted)
 						return
 					}
 					switchCount++
@@ -352,7 +359,7 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 		maxAccountSwitches := h.maxAccountSwitches
 		switchCount := 0
 		failedAccountIDs := make(map[int64]struct{})
-		lastFailoverStatus := 0
+		var lastFailoverErr *service.UpstreamFailoverError
 		retryWithFallback := false

 		for {
@@ -363,7 +370,11 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 					h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "api_error", "No available accounts: "+err.Error(), streamStarted)
 					return
 				}
-				h.handleFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverStatus, streamStarted)
+				if lastFailoverErr != nil {
+					h.handleFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverErr, platform, streamStarted)
+				} else {
+					h.handleFailoverExhaustedSimple(c, 502, streamStarted)
+				}
 				return
 			}
 			account := selection.Account
@@ -487,9 +498,9 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) Messages(c *gin.Context) {
 				var failoverErr *service.UpstreamFailoverError
 				if errors.As(err, &failoverErr) {
 					failedAccountIDs[account.ID] = struct{}{}
-					lastFailoverStatus = failoverErr.StatusCode
+					lastFailoverErr = failoverErr
 					if switchCount >= maxAccountSwitches {
-						h.handleFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverStatus, streamStarted)
+						h.handleFailoverExhausted(c, failoverErr, account.Platform, streamStarted)
 						return
 					}
 					switchCount++
@@ -755,7 +766,37 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) handleConcurrencyError(c *gin.Context, err error, slotT
 		fmt.Sprintf("Concurrency limit exceeded for %s, please retry later", slotType), streamStarted)
 }

-func (h *GatewayHandler) handleFailoverExhausted(c *gin.Context, statusCode int, streamStarted bool) {
+func (h *GatewayHandler) handleFailoverExhausted(c *gin.Context, failoverErr *service.UpstreamFailoverError, platform string, streamStarted bool) {
+	statusCode := failoverErr.StatusCode
+	responseBody := failoverErr.ResponseBody
+
+	// 先检查透传规则
+	if h.errorPassthroughService != nil && len(responseBody) > 0 {
+		if rule := h.errorPassthroughService.MatchRule(platform, statusCode, responseBody); rule != nil {
+			// 确定响应状态码
+			respCode := statusCode
+			if !rule.PassthroughCode && rule.ResponseCode != nil {
+				respCode = *rule.ResponseCode
+			}
+
+			// 确定响应消息
+			msg := service.ExtractUpstreamErrorMessage(responseBody)
+			if !rule.PassthroughBody && rule.CustomMessage != nil {
+				msg = *rule.CustomMessage
+			}
+
+			h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, respCode, "upstream_error", msg, streamStarted)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 使用默认的错误映射
+	status, errType, errMsg := h.mapUpstreamError(statusCode)
+	h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, status, errType, errMsg, streamStarted)
+}
+
+// handleFailoverExhaustedSimple 简化版本，用于没有响应体的情况
+func (h *GatewayHandler) handleFailoverExhaustedSimple(c *gin.Context, statusCode int, streamStarted bool) {
 	status, errType, errMsg := h.mapUpstreamError(statusCode)
 	h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, status, errType, errMsg, streamStarted)
 }
--- a/backend/internal/handler/gemini_v1beta_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/gemini_v1beta_handler.go
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) GeminiV1BetaModels(c *gin.Context) {
 	maxAccountSwitches := h.maxAccountSwitchesGemini
 	switchCount := 0
 	failedAccountIDs := make(map[int64]struct{})
-	lastFailoverStatus := 0
+	var lastFailoverErr *service.UpstreamFailoverError

 	for {
 		selection, err := h.gatewayService.SelectAccountWithLoadAwareness(c.Request.Context(), apiKey.GroupID, sessionKey, modelName, failedAccountIDs, "") // Gemini 不使用会话限制
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) GeminiV1BetaModels(c *gin.Context) {
 				googleError(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "No available Gemini accounts: "+err.Error())
 				return
 			}
-			handleGeminiFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverStatus)
+			h.handleGeminiFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverErr)
 			return
 		}
 		account := selection.Account
@@ -353,11 +353,11 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) GeminiV1BetaModels(c *gin.Context) {
 			if errors.As(err, &failoverErr) {
 				failedAccountIDs[account.ID] = struct{}{}
 				if switchCount >= maxAccountSwitches {
-					lastFailoverStatus = failoverErr.StatusCode
-					handleGeminiFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverStatus)
+					lastFailoverErr = failoverErr
+					h.handleGeminiFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverErr)
 					return
 				}
-				lastFailoverStatus = failoverErr.StatusCode
+				lastFailoverErr = failoverErr
 				switchCount++
 				log.Printf("Gemini account %d: upstream error %d, switching account %d/%d", account.ID, failoverErr.StatusCode, switchCount, maxAccountSwitches)
 				continue
@@ -414,7 +414,36 @@ func parseGeminiModelAction(rest string) (model string, action string, err error
 	return "", "", &pathParseError{"invalid model action path"}
 }

-func handleGeminiFailoverExhausted(c *gin.Context, statusCode int) {
+func (h *GatewayHandler) handleGeminiFailoverExhausted(c *gin.Context, failoverErr *service.UpstreamFailoverError) {
+	if failoverErr == nil {
+		googleError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "Upstream request failed")
+		return
+	}
+
+	statusCode := failoverErr.StatusCode
+	responseBody := failoverErr.ResponseBody
+
+	// 先检查透传规则
+	if h.errorPassthroughService != nil && len(responseBody) > 0 {
+		if rule := h.errorPassthroughService.MatchRule(service.PlatformGemini, statusCode, responseBody); rule != nil {
+			// 确定响应状态码
+			respCode := statusCode
+			if !rule.PassthroughCode && rule.ResponseCode != nil {
+				respCode = *rule.ResponseCode
+			}
+
+			// 确定响应消息
+			msg := service.ExtractUpstreamErrorMessage(responseBody)
+			if !rule.PassthroughBody && rule.CustomMessage != nil {
+				msg = *rule.CustomMessage
+			}
+
+			googleError(c, respCode, msg)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 使用默认的错误映射
 	status, message := mapGeminiUpstreamError(statusCode)
 	googleError(c, status, message)
 }
--- a/backend/internal/handler/handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/handler.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ type AdminHandlers struct {
 	Subscription     *admin.SubscriptionHandler
 	Usage            *admin.UsageHandler
 	UserAttribute    *admin.UserAttributeHandler
+	ErrorPassthrough *admin.ErrorPassthroughHandler
 }

 // Handlers contains all HTTP handlers
--- a/backend/internal/handler/openai_gateway_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/openai_gateway_handler.go
@@ -22,11 +22,12 @@ import (

 // OpenAIGatewayHandler handles OpenAI API gateway requests
 type OpenAIGatewayHandler struct {
-	gatewayService      *service.OpenAIGatewayService
-	billingCacheService *service.BillingCacheService
-	apiKeyService       *service.APIKeyService
-	concurrencyHelper   *ConcurrencyHelper
-	maxAccountSwitches  int
+	gatewayService          *service.OpenAIGatewayService
+	billingCacheService     *service.BillingCacheService
+	apiKeyService           *service.APIKeyService
+	errorPassthroughService *service.ErrorPassthroughService
+	concurrencyHelper       *ConcurrencyHelper
+	maxAccountSwitches      int
 }

 // NewOpenAIGatewayHandler creates a new OpenAIGatewayHandler
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ func NewOpenAIGatewayHandler(
 	concurrencyService *service.ConcurrencyService,
 	billingCacheService *service.BillingCacheService,
 	apiKeyService *service.APIKeyService,
+	errorPassthroughService *service.ErrorPassthroughService,
 	cfg *config.Config,
 ) *OpenAIGatewayHandler {
 	pingInterval := time.Duration(0)
@@ -46,11 +48,12 @@ func NewOpenAIGatewayHandler(
 		}
 	}
 	return &OpenAIGatewayHandler{
-		gatewayService:      gatewayService,
-		billingCacheService: billingCacheService,
-		apiKeyService:       apiKeyService,
-		concurrencyHelper:   NewConcurrencyHelper(concurrencyService, SSEPingFormatComment, pingInterval),
-		maxAccountSwitches:  maxAccountSwitches,
+		gatewayService:          gatewayService,
+		billingCacheService:     billingCacheService,
+		apiKeyService:           apiKeyService,
+		errorPassthroughService: errorPassthroughService,
+		concurrencyHelper:       NewConcurrencyHelper(concurrencyService, SSEPingFormatComment, pingInterval),
+		maxAccountSwitches:      maxAccountSwitches,
 	}
 }

@@ -201,7 +204,7 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
 	maxAccountSwitches := h.maxAccountSwitches
 	switchCount := 0
 	failedAccountIDs := make(map[int64]struct{})
-	lastFailoverStatus := 0
+	var lastFailoverErr *service.UpstreamFailoverError

 	for {
 		// Select account supporting the requested model
@@ -213,7 +216,11 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
 				h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, http.StatusServiceUnavailable, "api_error", "No available accounts: "+err.Error(), streamStarted)
 				return
 			}
-			h.handleFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverStatus, streamStarted)
+			if lastFailoverErr != nil {
+				h.handleFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverErr, streamStarted)
+			} else {
+				h.handleFailoverExhaustedSimple(c, 502, streamStarted)
+			}
 			return
 		}
 		account := selection.Account
@@ -278,12 +285,11 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
 			var failoverErr *service.UpstreamFailoverError
 			if errors.As(err, &failoverErr) {
 				failedAccountIDs[account.ID] = struct{}{}
+				lastFailoverErr = failoverErr
 				if switchCount >= maxAccountSwitches {
-					lastFailoverStatus = failoverErr.StatusCode
-					h.handleFailoverExhausted(c, lastFailoverStatus, streamStarted)
+					h.handleFailoverExhausted(c, failoverErr, streamStarted)
 					return
 				}
-				lastFailoverStatus = failoverErr.StatusCode
 				switchCount++
 				log.Printf("Account %d: upstream error %d, switching account %d/%d", account.ID, failoverErr.StatusCode, switchCount, maxAccountSwitches)
 				continue
@@ -324,7 +330,37 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) handleConcurrencyError(c *gin.Context, err error,
 		fmt.Sprintf("Concurrency limit exceeded for %s, please retry later", slotType), streamStarted)
 }

-func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) handleFailoverExhausted(c *gin.Context, statusCode int, streamStarted bool) {
+func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) handleFailoverExhausted(c *gin.Context, failoverErr *service.UpstreamFailoverError, streamStarted bool) {
+	statusCode := failoverErr.StatusCode
+	responseBody := failoverErr.ResponseBody
+
+	// 先检查透传规则
+	if h.errorPassthroughService != nil && len(responseBody) > 0 {
+		if rule := h.errorPassthroughService.MatchRule("openai", statusCode, responseBody); rule != nil {
+			// 确定响应状态码
+			respCode := statusCode
+			if !rule.PassthroughCode && rule.ResponseCode != nil {
+				respCode = *rule.ResponseCode
+			}
+
+			// 确定响应消息
+			msg := service.ExtractUpstreamErrorMessage(responseBody)
+			if !rule.PassthroughBody && rule.CustomMessage != nil {
+				msg = *rule.CustomMessage
+			}
+
+			h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, respCode, "upstream_error", msg, streamStarted)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 使用默认的错误映射
+	status, errType, errMsg := h.mapUpstreamError(statusCode)
+	h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, status, errType, errMsg, streamStarted)
+}
+
+// handleFailoverExhaustedSimple 简化版本，用于没有响应体的情况
+func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) handleFailoverExhaustedSimple(c *gin.Context, statusCode int, streamStarted bool) {
 	status, errType, errMsg := h.mapUpstreamError(statusCode)
 	h.handleStreamingAwareError(c, status, errType, errMsg, streamStarted)
 }
--- a/backend/internal/handler/wire.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/wire.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ func ProvideAdminHandlers(
 	subscriptionHandler *admin.SubscriptionHandler,
 	usageHandler *admin.UsageHandler,
 	userAttributeHandler *admin.UserAttributeHandler,
+	errorPassthroughHandler *admin.ErrorPassthroughHandler,
 ) *AdminHandlers {
 	return &AdminHandlers{
 		Dashboard:        dashboardHandler,
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ func ProvideAdminHandlers(
 		Subscription:     subscriptionHandler,
 		Usage:            usageHandler,
 		UserAttribute:    userAttributeHandler,
+		ErrorPassthrough: errorPassthroughHandler,
 	}
 }

@@ -125,6 +127,7 @@ var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	admin.NewSubscriptionHandler,
 	admin.NewUsageHandler,
 	admin.NewUserAttributeHandler,
+	admin.NewErrorPassthroughHandler,

 	// AdminHandlers and Handlers constructors
 	ProvideAdminHandlers,
--- a/backend/internal/model/error_passthrough_rule.go
+++ b/backend/internal/model/error_passthrough_rule.go
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// Package model 定义服务层使用的数据模型。
+package model
+
+import "time"
+
+// ErrorPassthroughRule 全局错误透传规则
+// 用于控制上游错误如何返回给客户端
+type ErrorPassthroughRule struct {
+	ID              int64     `json:"id"`
+	Name            string    `json:"name"`             // 规则名称
+	Enabled         bool      `json:"enabled"`          // 是否启用
+	Priority        int       `json:"priority"`         // 优先级（数字越小优先级越高）
+	ErrorCodes      []int     `json:"error_codes"`      // 匹配的错误码列表（OR关系）
+	Keywords        []string  `json:"keywords"`         // 匹配的关键词列表（OR关系）
+	MatchMode       string    `json:"match_mode"`       // "any"(任一条件) 或 "all"(所有条件)
+	Platforms       []string  `json:"platforms"`        // 适用平台列表
+	PassthroughCode bool      `json:"passthrough_code"` // 是否透传原始状态码
+	ResponseCode    *int      `json:"response_code"`    // 自定义状态码（passthrough_code=false 时使用）
+	PassthroughBody bool      `json:"passthrough_body"` // 是否透传原始错误信息
+	CustomMessage   *string   `json:"custom_message"`   // 自定义错误信息（passthrough_body=false 时使用）
+	Description     *string   `json:"description"`      // 规则描述
+	CreatedAt       time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+	UpdatedAt       time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
+}
+
+// MatchModeAny 表示任一条件匹配即可
+const MatchModeAny = "any"
+
+// MatchModeAll 表示所有条件都必须匹配
+const MatchModeAll = "all"
+
+// 支持的平台常量
+const (
+	PlatformAnthropic   = "anthropic"
+	PlatformOpenAI      = "openai"
+	PlatformGemini      = "gemini"
+	PlatformAntigravity = "antigravity"
+)
+
+// AllPlatforms 返回所有支持的平台列表
+func AllPlatforms() []string {
+	return []string{PlatformAnthropic, PlatformOpenAI, PlatformGemini, PlatformAntigravity}
+}
+
+// Validate 验证规则配置的有效性
+func (r *ErrorPassthroughRule) Validate() error {
+	if r.Name == "" {
+		return &ValidationError{Field: "name", Message: "name is required"}
+	}
+	if r.MatchMode != MatchModeAny && r.MatchMode != MatchModeAll {
+		return &ValidationError{Field: "match_mode", Message: "match_mode must be 'any' or 'all'"}
+	}
+	// 至少需要配置一个匹配条件（错误码或关键词）
+	if len(r.ErrorCodes) == 0 && len(r.Keywords) == 0 {
+		return &ValidationError{Field: "conditions", Message: "at least one error_code or keyword is required"}
+	}
+	if !r.PassthroughCode && (r.ResponseCode == nil || *r.ResponseCode <= 0) {
+		return &ValidationError{Field: "response_code", Message: "response_code is required when passthrough_code is false"}
+	}
+	if !r.PassthroughBody && (r.CustomMessage == nil || *r.CustomMessage == "") {
+		return &ValidationError{Field: "custom_message", Message: "custom_message is required when passthrough_body is false"}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ValidationError 表示验证错误
+type ValidationError struct {
+	Field   string
+	Message string
+}
+
+func (e *ValidationError) Error() string {
+	return e.Field + ": " + e.Message
+}
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/claude/constants.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/claude/constants.go
@@ -71,6 +71,12 @@ var DefaultModels = []Model{
 		DisplayName: "Claude Opus 4.5",
 		CreatedAt:   "2025-11-01T00:00:00Z",
 	},
+	{
+		ID:          "claude-opus-4-6",
+		Type:        "model",
+		DisplayName: "Claude Opus 4.6",
+		CreatedAt:   "2026-02-06T00:00:00Z",
+	},
 	{
 		ID:          "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929",
 		Type:        "model",
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/googleapi/error.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/googleapi/error.go
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// Package googleapi provides helpers for Google-style API responses.
+package googleapi
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// ErrorResponse represents a Google API error response
+type ErrorResponse struct {
+	Error ErrorDetail `json:"error"`
+}
+
+// ErrorDetail contains the error details from Google API
+type ErrorDetail struct {
+	Code    int               `json:"code"`
+	Message string            `json:"message"`
+	Status  string            `json:"status"`
+	Details []json.RawMessage `json:"details,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// ErrorDetailInfo contains additional error information
+type ErrorDetailInfo struct {
+	Type     string            `json:"@type"`
+	Reason   string            `json:"reason,omitempty"`
+	Domain   string            `json:"domain,omitempty"`
+	Metadata map[string]string `json:"metadata,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// ErrorHelp contains help links
+type ErrorHelp struct {
+	Type  string     `json:"@type"`
+	Links []HelpLink `json:"links,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// HelpLink represents a help link
+type HelpLink struct {
+	Description string `json:"description"`
+	URL         string `json:"url"`
+}
+
+// ParseError parses a Google API error response and extracts key information
+func ParseError(body string) (*ErrorResponse, error) {
+	var errResp ErrorResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(body), &errResp); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse error response: %w", err)
+	}
+	return &errResp, nil
+}
+
+// ExtractActivationURL extracts the API activation URL from error details
+func ExtractActivationURL(body string) string {
+	var errResp ErrorResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(body), &errResp); err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	// Check error details for activation URL
+	for _, detailRaw := range errResp.Error.Details {
+		// Parse as ErrorDetailInfo
+		var info ErrorDetailInfo
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(detailRaw, &info); err == nil {
+			if info.Metadata != nil {
+				if activationURL, ok := info.Metadata["activationUrl"]; ok && activationURL != "" {
+					return activationURL
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Parse as ErrorHelp
+		var help ErrorHelp
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(detailRaw, &help); err == nil {
+			for _, link := range help.Links {
+				if strings.Contains(link.Description, "activation") ||
+					strings.Contains(link.Description, "API activation") ||
+					strings.Contains(link.URL, "/apis/api/") {
+					return link.URL
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ""
+}
+
+// IsServiceDisabledError checks if the error is a SERVICE_DISABLED error
+func IsServiceDisabledError(body string) bool {
+	var errResp ErrorResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(body), &errResp); err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Check if it's a 403 PERMISSION_DENIED with SERVICE_DISABLED reason
+	if errResp.Error.Code != 403 || errResp.Error.Status != "PERMISSION_DENIED" {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	for _, detailRaw := range errResp.Error.Details {
+		var info ErrorDetailInfo
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(detailRaw, &info); err == nil {
+			if info.Reason == "SERVICE_DISABLED" {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/googleapi/error_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/googleapi/error_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+package googleapi
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestExtractActivationURL(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test case from the user's error message
+	errorBody := `{
+		"error": {
+			"code": 403,
+			"message": "Gemini for Google Cloud API has not been used in project project-6eca5881-ab73-4736-843 before or it is disabled. Enable it by visiting https://console.developers.google.com/apis/api/cloudaicompanion.googleapis.com/overview?project=project-6eca5881-ab73-4736-843 then retry. If you enabled this API recently, wait a few minutes for the action to propagate to our systems and retry.",
+			"status": "PERMISSION_DENIED",
+			"details": [
+				{
+					"@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.rpc.ErrorInfo",
+					"reason": "SERVICE_DISABLED",
+					"domain": "googleapis.com",
+					"metadata": {
+						"service": "cloudaicompanion.googleapis.com",
+						"activationUrl": "https://console.developers.google.com/apis/api/cloudaicompanion.googleapis.com/overview?project=project-6eca5881-ab73-4736-843",
+						"consumer": "projects/project-6eca5881-ab73-4736-843",
+						"serviceTitle": "Gemini for Google Cloud API",
+						"containerInfo": "project-6eca5881-ab73-4736-843"
+					}
+				},
+				{
+					"@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.rpc.LocalizedMessage",
+					"locale": "en-US",
+					"message": "Gemini for Google Cloud API has not been used in project project-6eca5881-ab73-4736-843 before or it is disabled. Enable it by visiting https://console.developers.google.com/apis/api/cloudaicompanion.googleapis.com/overview?project=project-6eca5881-ab73-4736-843 then retry. If you enabled this API recently, wait a few minutes for the action to propagate to our systems and retry."
+				},
+				{
+					"@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.rpc.Help",
+					"links": [
+						{
+							"description": "Google developers console API activation",
+							"url": "https://console.developers.google.com/apis/api/cloudaicompanion.googleapis.com/overview?project=project-6eca5881-ab73-4736-843"
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			]
+		}
+	}`
+
+	activationURL := ExtractActivationURL(errorBody)
+	expectedURL := "https://console.developers.google.com/apis/api/cloudaicompanion.googleapis.com/overview?project=project-6eca5881-ab73-4736-843"
+
+	if activationURL != expectedURL {
+		t.Errorf("Expected activation URL %s, got %s", expectedURL, activationURL)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsServiceDisabledError(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		body     string
+		expected bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "SERVICE_DISABLED error",
+			body: `{
+				"error": {
+					"code": 403,
+					"status": "PERMISSION_DENIED",
+					"details": [
+						{
+							"@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.rpc.ErrorInfo",
+							"reason": "SERVICE_DISABLED"
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			}`,
+			expected: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Other 403 error",
+			body: `{
+				"error": {
+					"code": 403,
+					"status": "PERMISSION_DENIED",
+					"details": [
+						{
+							"@type": "type.googleapis.com/google.rpc.ErrorInfo",
+							"reason": "OTHER_REASON"
+						}
+					]
+				}
+			}`,
+			expected: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "404 error",
+			body: `{
+				"error": {
+					"code": 404,
+					"status": "NOT_FOUND"
+				}
+			}`,
+			expected: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Invalid JSON",
+			body:     `invalid json`,
+			expected: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := IsServiceDisabledError(tt.body)
+			if result != tt.expected {
+				t.Errorf("Expected %v, got %v", tt.expected, result)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseError(t *testing.T) {
+	errorBody := `{
+		"error": {
+			"code": 403,
+			"message": "API not enabled",
+			"status": "PERMISSION_DENIED"
+		}
+	}`
+
+	errResp, err := ParseError(errorBody)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to parse error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if errResp.Error.Code != 403 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected code 403, got %d", errResp.Error.Code)
+	}
+
+	if errResp.Error.Status != "PERMISSION_DENIED" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected status PERMISSION_DENIED, got %s", errResp.Error.Status)
+	}
+
+	if errResp.Error.Message != "API not enabled" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected message 'API not enabled', got %s", errResp.Error.Message)
+	}
+}
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/openai/constants.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/openai/constants.go
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ type Model struct {

 // DefaultModels OpenAI models list
 var DefaultModels = []Model{
+	{ID: "gpt-5.3", Object: "model", Created: 1735689600, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5.3"},
+	{ID: "gpt-5.3-codex", Object: "model", Created: 1735689600, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5.3 Codex"},
 	{ID: "gpt-5.2", Object: "model", Created: 1733875200, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5.2"},
 	{ID: "gpt-5.2-codex", Object: "model", Created: 1733011200, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5.2 Codex"},
 	{ID: "gpt-5.1-codex-max", Object: "model", Created: 1730419200, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5.1 Codex Max"},
--- a/backend/internal/repository/account_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/account_repo.go
@@ -1089,8 +1089,9 @@ func (r *accountRepository) UpdateExtra(ctx context.Context, id int64, updates m
 	result, err := client.ExecContext(
 		ctx,
 		"UPDATE accounts SET extra = COALESCE(extra, '{}'::jsonb) || $1::jsonb, updated_at = NOW() WHERE id = $2 AND deleted_at IS NULL",
-		payload, id,
+		string(payload), id,
 	)
+
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/error_passthrough_cache.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/error_passthrough_cache.go
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"log"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/model"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+const (
+	errorPassthroughCacheKey  = "error_passthrough_rules"
+	errorPassthroughPubSubKey = "error_passthrough_rules_updated"
+	errorPassthroughCacheTTL  = 24 * time.Hour
+)
+
+type errorPassthroughCache struct {
+	rdb        *redis.Client
+	localCache []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule
+	localMu    sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// NewErrorPassthroughCache 创建错误透传规则缓存
+func NewErrorPassthroughCache(rdb *redis.Client) service.ErrorPassthroughCache {
+	return &errorPassthroughCache{
+		rdb: rdb,
+	}
+}
+
+// Get 从缓存获取规则列表
+func (c *errorPassthroughCache) Get(ctx context.Context) ([]*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, bool) {
+	// 先检查本地缓存
+	c.localMu.RLock()
+	if c.localCache != nil {
+		rules := c.localCache
+		c.localMu.RUnlock()
+		return rules, true
+	}
+	c.localMu.RUnlock()
+
+	// 从 Redis 获取
+	data, err := c.rdb.Get(ctx, errorPassthroughCacheKey).Bytes()
+	if err != nil {
+		if err != redis.Nil {
+			log.Printf("[ErrorPassthroughCache] Failed to get from Redis: %v", err)
+		}
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
+	var rules []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &rules); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[ErrorPassthroughCache] Failed to unmarshal rules: %v", err)
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
+	// 更新本地缓存
+	c.localMu.Lock()
+	c.localCache = rules
+	c.localMu.Unlock()
+
+	return rules, true
+}
+
+// Set 设置缓存
+func (c *errorPassthroughCache) Set(ctx context.Context, rules []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule) error {
+	data, err := json.Marshal(rules)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := c.rdb.Set(ctx, errorPassthroughCacheKey, data, errorPassthroughCacheTTL).Err(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// 更新本地缓存
+	c.localMu.Lock()
+	c.localCache = rules
+	c.localMu.Unlock()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Invalidate 使缓存失效
+func (c *errorPassthroughCache) Invalidate(ctx context.Context) error {
+	// 清除本地缓存
+	c.localMu.Lock()
+	c.localCache = nil
+	c.localMu.Unlock()
+
+	// 清除 Redis 缓存
+	return c.rdb.Del(ctx, errorPassthroughCacheKey).Err()
+}
+
+// NotifyUpdate 通知其他实例刷新缓存
+func (c *errorPassthroughCache) NotifyUpdate(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return c.rdb.Publish(ctx, errorPassthroughPubSubKey, "refresh").Err()
+}
+
+// SubscribeUpdates 订阅缓存更新通知
+func (c *errorPassthroughCache) SubscribeUpdates(ctx context.Context, handler func()) {
+	go func() {
+		sub := c.rdb.Subscribe(ctx, errorPassthroughPubSubKey)
+		defer func() { _ = sub.Close() }()
+
+		ch := sub.Channel()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case msg := <-ch:
+				if msg == nil {
+					return
+				}
+				// 清除本地缓存，下次访问时会从 Redis 或数据库重新加载
+				c.localMu.Lock()
+				c.localCache = nil
+				c.localMu.Unlock()
+
+				// 调用处理函数
+				handler()
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/error_passthrough_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/error_passthrough_repo.go
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/ent/errorpassthroughrule"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/model"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+)
+
+type errorPassthroughRepository struct {
+	client *ent.Client
+}
+
+// NewErrorPassthroughRepository 创建错误透传规则仓库
+func NewErrorPassthroughRepository(client *ent.Client) service.ErrorPassthroughRepository {
+	return &errorPassthroughRepository{client: client}
+}
+
+// List 获取所有规则
+func (r *errorPassthroughRepository) List(ctx context.Context) ([]*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error) {
+	rules, err := r.client.ErrorPassthroughRule.Query().
+		Order(ent.Asc(errorpassthroughrule.FieldPriority)).
+		All(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	result := make([]*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, len(rules))
+	for i, rule := range rules {
+		result[i] = r.toModel(rule)
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// GetByID 根据 ID 获取规则
+func (r *errorPassthroughRepository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error) {
+	rule, err := r.client.ErrorPassthroughRule.Get(ctx, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		if ent.IsNotFound(err) {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return r.toModel(rule), nil
+}
+
+// Create 创建规则
+func (r *errorPassthroughRepository) Create(ctx context.Context, rule *model.ErrorPassthroughRule) (*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error) {
+	builder := r.client.ErrorPassthroughRule.Create().
+		SetName(rule.Name).
+		SetEnabled(rule.Enabled).
+		SetPriority(rule.Priority).
+		SetMatchMode(rule.MatchMode).
+		SetPassthroughCode(rule.PassthroughCode).
+		SetPassthroughBody(rule.PassthroughBody)
+
+	if len(rule.ErrorCodes) > 0 {
+		builder.SetErrorCodes(rule.ErrorCodes)
+	}
+	if len(rule.Keywords) > 0 {
+		builder.SetKeywords(rule.Keywords)
+	}
+	if len(rule.Platforms) > 0 {
+		builder.SetPlatforms(rule.Platforms)
+	}
+	if rule.ResponseCode != nil {
+		builder.SetResponseCode(*rule.ResponseCode)
+	}
+	if rule.CustomMessage != nil {
+		builder.SetCustomMessage(*rule.CustomMessage)
+	}
+	if rule.Description != nil {
+		builder.SetDescription(*rule.Description)
+	}
+
+	created, err := builder.Save(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return r.toModel(created), nil
+}
+
+// Update 更新规则
+func (r *errorPassthroughRepository) Update(ctx context.Context, rule *model.ErrorPassthroughRule) (*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error) {
+	builder := r.client.ErrorPassthroughRule.UpdateOneID(rule.ID).
+		SetName(rule.Name).
+		SetEnabled(rule.Enabled).
+		SetPriority(rule.Priority).
+		SetMatchMode(rule.MatchMode).
+		SetPassthroughCode(rule.PassthroughCode).
+		SetPassthroughBody(rule.PassthroughBody)
+
+	// 处理可选字段
+	if len(rule.ErrorCodes) > 0 {
+		builder.SetErrorCodes(rule.ErrorCodes)
+	} else {
+		builder.ClearErrorCodes()
+	}
+	if len(rule.Keywords) > 0 {
+		builder.SetKeywords(rule.Keywords)
+	} else {
+		builder.ClearKeywords()
+	}
+	if len(rule.Platforms) > 0 {
+		builder.SetPlatforms(rule.Platforms)
+	} else {
+		builder.ClearPlatforms()
+	}
+	if rule.ResponseCode != nil {
+		builder.SetResponseCode(*rule.ResponseCode)
+	} else {
+		builder.ClearResponseCode()
+	}
+	if rule.CustomMessage != nil {
+		builder.SetCustomMessage(*rule.CustomMessage)
+	} else {
+		builder.ClearCustomMessage()
+	}
+	if rule.Description != nil {
+		builder.SetDescription(*rule.Description)
+	} else {
+		builder.ClearDescription()
+	}
+
+	updated, err := builder.Save(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return r.toModel(updated), nil
+}
+
+// Delete 删除规则
+func (r *errorPassthroughRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	return r.client.ErrorPassthroughRule.DeleteOneID(id).Exec(ctx)
+}
+
+// toModel 将 Ent 实体转换为服务模型
+func (r *errorPassthroughRepository) toModel(e *ent.ErrorPassthroughRule) *model.ErrorPassthroughRule {
+	rule := &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		ID:              int64(e.ID),
+		Name:            e.Name,
+		Enabled:         e.Enabled,
+		Priority:        e.Priority,
+		ErrorCodes:      e.ErrorCodes,
+		Keywords:        e.Keywords,
+		MatchMode:       e.MatchMode,
+		Platforms:       e.Platforms,
+		PassthroughCode: e.PassthroughCode,
+		PassthroughBody: e.PassthroughBody,
+		CreatedAt:       e.CreatedAt,
+		UpdatedAt:       e.UpdatedAt,
+	}
+
+	if e.ResponseCode != nil {
+		rule.ResponseCode = e.ResponseCode
+	}
+	if e.CustomMessage != nil {
+		rule.CustomMessage = e.CustomMessage
+	}
+	if e.Description != nil {
+		rule.Description = e.Description
+	}
+
+	// 确保切片不为 nil
+	if rule.ErrorCodes == nil {
+		rule.ErrorCodes = []int{}
+	}
+	if rule.Keywords == nil {
+		rule.Keywords = []string{}
+	}
+	if rule.Platforms == nil {
+		rule.Platforms = []string{}
+	}
+
+	return rule
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/geminicli_codeassist_client.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/geminicli_codeassist_client.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/geminicli"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/googleapi"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"

 	"github.com/imroc/req/v3"
@@ -38,9 +39,20 @@ func (c *geminiCliCodeAssistClient) LoadCodeAssist(ctx context.Context, accessTo
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
 	}
 	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
-		body := geminicli.SanitizeBodyForLogs(resp.String())
-		fmt.Printf("[CodeAssist] LoadCodeAssist failed: status %d, body: %s\n", resp.StatusCode, body)
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loadCodeAssist failed: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, body)
+		body := resp.String()
+		sanitizedBody := geminicli.SanitizeBodyForLogs(body)
+		fmt.Printf("[CodeAssist] LoadCodeAssist failed: status %d, body: %s\n", resp.StatusCode, sanitizedBody)
+
+		// Check if this is a SERVICE_DISABLED error and extract activation URL
+		if googleapi.IsServiceDisabledError(body) {
+			activationURL := googleapi.ExtractActivationURL(body)
+			if activationURL != "" {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("gemini API not enabled for this project, please enable it by visiting: %s\n\nAfter enabling the API, wait a few minutes for the changes to propagate, then try again", activationURL)
+			}
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("gemini API not enabled for this project, please enable it in the Google Cloud Console at: https://console.cloud.google.com/apis/library/cloudaicompanion.googleapis.com")
+		}
+
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loadCodeAssist failed: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, sanitizedBody)
 	}
 	fmt.Printf("[CodeAssist] LoadCodeAssist success: status %d, response: %+v\n", resp.StatusCode, out)
 	return &out, nil
@@ -67,9 +79,20 @@ func (c *geminiCliCodeAssistClient) OnboardUser(ctx context.Context, accessToken
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
 	}
 	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
-		body := geminicli.SanitizeBodyForLogs(resp.String())
-		fmt.Printf("[CodeAssist] OnboardUser failed: status %d, body: %s\n", resp.StatusCode, body)
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("onboardUser failed: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, body)
+		body := resp.String()
+		sanitizedBody := geminicli.SanitizeBodyForLogs(body)
+		fmt.Printf("[CodeAssist] OnboardUser failed: status %d, body: %s\n", resp.StatusCode, sanitizedBody)
+
+		// Check if this is a SERVICE_DISABLED error and extract activation URL
+		if googleapi.IsServiceDisabledError(body) {
+			activationURL := googleapi.ExtractActivationURL(body)
+			if activationURL != "" {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("gemini API not enabled for this project, please enable it by visiting: %s\n\nAfter enabling the API, wait a few minutes for the changes to propagate, then try again", activationURL)
+			}
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("gemini API not enabled for this project, please enable it in the Google Cloud Console at: https://console.cloud.google.com/apis/library/cloudaicompanion.googleapis.com")
+		}
+
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("onboardUser failed: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, sanitizedBody)
 	}
 	fmt.Printf("[CodeAssist] OnboardUser success: status %d, response: %+v\n", resp.StatusCode, out)
 	return &out, nil
--- a/backend/internal/repository/session_limit_cache.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/session_limit_cache.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"log"
 	"strconv"
 	"time"

@@ -153,6 +154,21 @@ func NewSessionLimitCache(rdb *redis.Client, defaultIdleTimeoutMinutes int) serv
 	if defaultIdleTimeoutMinutes <= 0 {
 		defaultIdleTimeoutMinutes = 5 // 默认 5 分钟
 	}
+
+	// 预加载 Lua 脚本到 Redis，避免 Pipeline 中出现 NOSCRIPT 错误
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	scripts := []*redis.Script{
+		registerSessionScript,
+		refreshSessionScript,
+		getActiveSessionCountScript,
+		isSessionActiveScript,
+	}
+	for _, script := range scripts {
+		if err := script.Load(ctx, rdb).Err(); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[SessionLimitCache] Failed to preload Lua script: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return &sessionLimitCache{
 		rdb:                rdb,
 		defaultIdleTimeout: time.Duration(defaultIdleTimeoutMinutes) * time.Minute,
--- a/backend/internal/repository/user_group_rate_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/user_group_rate_repo.go
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+)
+
+type userGroupRateRepository struct {
+	sql sqlExecutor
+}
+
+// NewUserGroupRateRepository 创建用户专属分组倍率仓储
+func NewUserGroupRateRepository(sqlDB *sql.DB) service.UserGroupRateRepository {
+	return &userGroupRateRepository{sql: sqlDB}
+}
+
+// GetByUserID 获取用户的所有专属分组倍率
+func (r *userGroupRateRepository) GetByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (map[int64]float64, error) {
+	query := `SELECT group_id, rate_multiplier FROM user_group_rate_multipliers WHERE user_id = $1`
+	rows, err := r.sql.QueryContext(ctx, query, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = rows.Close() }()
+
+	result := make(map[int64]float64)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var groupID int64
+		var rate float64
+		if err := rows.Scan(&groupID, &rate); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		result[groupID] = rate
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// GetByUserAndGroup 获取用户在特定分组的专属倍率
+func (r *userGroupRateRepository) GetByUserAndGroup(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) (*float64, error) {
+	query := `SELECT rate_multiplier FROM user_group_rate_multipliers WHERE user_id = $1 AND group_id = $2`
+	var rate float64
+	err := scanSingleRow(ctx, r.sql, query, []any{userID, groupID}, &rate)
+	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &rate, nil
+}
+
+// SyncUserGroupRates 同步用户的分组专属倍率
+func (r *userGroupRateRepository) SyncUserGroupRates(ctx context.Context, userID int64, rates map[int64]*float64) error {
+	if len(rates) == 0 {
+		// 如果传入空 map，删除该用户的所有专属倍率
+		_, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, `DELETE FROM user_group_rate_multipliers WHERE user_id = $1`, userID)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// 分离需要删除和需要 upsert 的记录
+	var toDelete []int64
+	toUpsert := make(map[int64]float64)
+	for groupID, rate := range rates {
+		if rate == nil {
+			toDelete = append(toDelete, groupID)
+		} else {
+			toUpsert[groupID] = *rate
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 删除指定的记录
+	for _, groupID := range toDelete {
+		_, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx,
+			`DELETE FROM user_group_rate_multipliers WHERE user_id = $1 AND group_id = $2`,
+			userID, groupID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Upsert 记录
+	now := time.Now()
+	for groupID, rate := range toUpsert {
+		_, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, `
+			INSERT INTO user_group_rate_multipliers (user_id, group_id, rate_multiplier, created_at, updated_at)
+			VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $4)
+			ON CONFLICT (user_id, group_id) DO UPDATE SET rate_multiplier = $3, updated_at = $4
+		`, userID, groupID, rate, now)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DeleteByGroupID 删除指定分组的所有用户专属倍率
+func (r *userGroupRateRepository) DeleteByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) error {
+	_, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, `DELETE FROM user_group_rate_multipliers WHERE group_id = $1`, groupID)
+	return err
+}
+
+// DeleteByUserID 删除指定用户的所有专属倍率
+func (r *userGroupRateRepository) DeleteByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	_, err := r.sql.ExecContext(ctx, `DELETE FROM user_group_rate_multipliers WHERE user_id = $1`, userID)
+	return err
+}
--- a/backend/internal/repository/wire.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/wire.go
@@ -66,6 +66,8 @@ var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	NewUserSubscriptionRepository,
 	NewUserAttributeDefinitionRepository,
 	NewUserAttributeValueRepository,
+	NewUserGroupRateRepository,
+	NewErrorPassthroughRepository,

 	// Cache implementations
 	NewGatewayCache,
@@ -86,6 +88,7 @@ var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	NewProxyLatencyCache,
 	NewTotpCache,
 	NewRefreshTokenCache,
+	NewErrorPassthroughCache,

 	// Encryptors
 	NewAESEncryptor,
--- a/backend/internal/server/api_contract_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/server/api_contract_test.go
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ func newContractDeps(t *testing.T) *contractDeps {
 	}

 	userService := service.NewUserService(userRepo, nil)
-	apiKeyService := service.NewAPIKeyService(apiKeyRepo, userRepo, groupRepo, userSubRepo, apiKeyCache, cfg)
+	apiKeyService := service.NewAPIKeyService(apiKeyRepo, userRepo, groupRepo, userSubRepo, nil, apiKeyCache, cfg)

 	usageRepo := newStubUsageLogRepo()
 	usageService := service.NewUsageService(usageRepo, userRepo, nil, nil)
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ func newContractDeps(t *testing.T) *contractDeps {
 	settingRepo := newStubSettingRepo()
 	settingService := service.NewSettingService(settingRepo, cfg)

-	adminService := service.NewAdminService(userRepo, groupRepo, &accountRepo, proxyRepo, apiKeyRepo, redeemRepo, nil, nil, nil, nil)
+	adminService := service.NewAdminService(userRepo, groupRepo, &accountRepo, proxyRepo, apiKeyRepo, redeemRepo, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil)
 	authHandler := handler.NewAuthHandler(cfg, nil, userService, settingService, nil, redeemService, nil)
 	apiKeyHandler := handler.NewAPIKeyHandler(apiKeyService)
 	usageHandler := handler.NewUsageHandler(usageService, apiKeyService)
--- a/backend/internal/server/middleware/api_key_auth_google_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/server/middleware/api_key_auth_google_test.go
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ func newTestAPIKeyService(repo service.APIKeyRepository) *service.APIKeyService
 		nil, // userRepo (unused in GetByKey)
 		nil, // groupRepo
 		nil, // userSubRepo
+		nil, // userGroupRateRepo
 		nil, // cache
 		&config.Config{},
 	)
@@ -187,6 +188,7 @@ func TestApiKeyAuthWithSubscriptionGoogleSetsGroupContext(t *testing.T) {
 		nil,
 		nil,
 		nil,
+		nil,
 		&config.Config{RunMode: config.RunModeSimple},
 	)

--- a/backend/internal/server/middleware/api_key_auth_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/server/middleware/api_key_auth_test.go
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func TestSimpleModeBypassesQuotaCheck(t *testing.T) {

 	t.Run("simple_mode_bypasses_quota_check", func(t *testing.T) {
 		cfg := &config.Config{RunMode: config.RunModeSimple}
-		apiKeyService := service.NewAPIKeyService(apiKeyRepo, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg)
+		apiKeyService := service.NewAPIKeyService(apiKeyRepo, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg)
 		subscriptionService := service.NewSubscriptionService(nil, &stubUserSubscriptionRepo{}, nil)
 		router := newAuthTestRouter(apiKeyService, subscriptionService, cfg)

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func TestSimpleModeBypassesQuotaCheck(t *testing.T) {

 	t.Run("standard_mode_enforces_quota_check", func(t *testing.T) {
 		cfg := &config.Config{RunMode: config.RunModeStandard}
-		apiKeyService := service.NewAPIKeyService(apiKeyRepo, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg)
+		apiKeyService := service.NewAPIKeyService(apiKeyRepo, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg)

 		now := time.Now()
 		sub := &service.UserSubscription{
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func TestAPIKeyAuthSetsGroupContext(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	cfg := &config.Config{RunMode: config.RunModeSimple}
-	apiKeyService := service.NewAPIKeyService(apiKeyRepo, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg)
+	apiKeyService := service.NewAPIKeyService(apiKeyRepo, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg)
 	router := gin.New()
 	router.Use(gin.HandlerFunc(NewAPIKeyAuthMiddleware(apiKeyService, nil, cfg)))
 	router.GET("/t", func(c *gin.Context) {
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ func TestAPIKeyAuthOverwritesInvalidContextGroup(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	cfg := &config.Config{RunMode: config.RunModeSimple}
-	apiKeyService := service.NewAPIKeyService(apiKeyRepo, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg)
+	apiKeyService := service.NewAPIKeyService(apiKeyRepo, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg)
 	router := gin.New()
 	router.Use(gin.HandlerFunc(NewAPIKeyAuthMiddleware(apiKeyService, nil, cfg)))

--- a/backend/internal/server/routes/admin.go
+++ b/backend/internal/server/routes/admin.go
@@ -67,6 +67,9 @@ func RegisterAdminRoutes(

 		// 用户属性管理
 		registerUserAttributeRoutes(admin, h)
+
+		// 错误透传规则管理
+		registerErrorPassthroughRoutes(admin, h)
 	}
 }

@@ -391,3 +394,14 @@ func registerUserAttributeRoutes(admin *gin.RouterGroup, h *handler.Handlers) {
 		attrs.DELETE("/:id", h.Admin.UserAttribute.DeleteDefinition)
 	}
 }
+
+func registerErrorPassthroughRoutes(admin *gin.RouterGroup, h *handler.Handlers) {
+	rules := admin.Group("/error-passthrough-rules")
+	{
+		rules.GET("", h.Admin.ErrorPassthrough.List)
+		rules.GET("/:id", h.Admin.ErrorPassthrough.GetByID)
+		rules.POST("", h.Admin.ErrorPassthrough.Create)
+		rules.PUT("/:id", h.Admin.ErrorPassthrough.Update)
+		rules.DELETE("/:id", h.Admin.ErrorPassthrough.Delete)
+	}
+}
--- a/backend/internal/server/routes/user.go
+++ b/backend/internal/server/routes/user.go
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ func RegisterUserRoutes(
 		groups := authenticated.Group("/groups")
 		{
 			groups.GET("/available", h.APIKey.GetAvailableGroups)
+			groups.GET("/rates", h.APIKey.GetUserGroupRates)
 		}

 		// 使用记录
--- a/backend/internal/service/admin_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/admin_service.go
@@ -94,6 +94,9 @@ type UpdateUserInput struct {
 	Concurrency   *int     // 使用指针区分"未提供"和"设置为0"
 	Status        string
 	AllowedGroups *[]int64 // 使用指针区分"未提供"和"设置为空数组"
+	// GroupRates 用户专属分组倍率配置
+	// map[groupID]*rate，nil 表示删除该分组的专属倍率
+	GroupRates map[int64]*float64
 }

 type CreateGroupInput struct {
@@ -296,6 +299,7 @@ type adminServiceImpl struct {
 	proxyRepo            ProxyRepository
 	apiKeyRepo           APIKeyRepository
 	redeemCodeRepo       RedeemCodeRepository
+	userGroupRateRepo    UserGroupRateRepository
 	billingCacheService  *BillingCacheService
 	proxyProber          ProxyExitInfoProber
 	proxyLatencyCache    ProxyLatencyCache
@@ -310,6 +314,7 @@ func NewAdminService(
 	proxyRepo ProxyRepository,
 	apiKeyRepo APIKeyRepository,
 	redeemCodeRepo RedeemCodeRepository,
+	userGroupRateRepo UserGroupRateRepository,
 	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService,
 	proxyProber ProxyExitInfoProber,
 	proxyLatencyCache ProxyLatencyCache,
@@ -322,6 +327,7 @@ func NewAdminService(
 		proxyRepo:            proxyRepo,
 		apiKeyRepo:           apiKeyRepo,
 		redeemCodeRepo:       redeemCodeRepo,
+		userGroupRateRepo:    userGroupRateRepo,
 		billingCacheService:  billingCacheService,
 		proxyProber:          proxyProber,
 		proxyLatencyCache:    proxyLatencyCache,
@@ -336,11 +342,35 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) ListUsers(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, fi
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
 	}
+	// 批量加载用户专属分组倍率
+	if s.userGroupRateRepo != nil && len(users) > 0 {
+		for i := range users {
+			rates, err := s.userGroupRateRepo.GetByUserID(ctx, users[i].ID)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Printf("failed to load user group rates: user_id=%d err=%v", users[i].ID, err)
+				continue
+			}
+			users[i].GroupRates = rates
+		}
+	}
 	return users, result.Total, nil
 }

 func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetUser(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*User, error) {
-	return s.userRepo.GetByID(ctx, id)
+	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByID(ctx, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// 加载用户专属分组倍率
+	if s.userGroupRateRepo != nil {
+		rates, err := s.userGroupRateRepo.GetByUserID(ctx, id)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("failed to load user group rates: user_id=%d err=%v", id, err)
+		} else {
+			user.GroupRates = rates
+		}
+	}
+	return user, nil
 }

 func (s *adminServiceImpl) CreateUser(ctx context.Context, input *CreateUserInput) (*User, error) {
@@ -409,6 +439,14 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateUser(ctx context.Context, id int64, input *Upda
 	if err := s.userRepo.Update(ctx, user); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+
+	// 同步用户专属分组倍率
+	if input.GroupRates != nil && s.userGroupRateRepo != nil {
+		if err := s.userGroupRateRepo.SyncUserGroupRates(ctx, user.ID, input.GroupRates); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("failed to sync user group rates: user_id=%d err=%v", user.ID, err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	if s.authCacheInvalidator != nil {
 		if user.Concurrency != oldConcurrency || user.Status != oldStatus || user.Role != oldRole {
 			s.authCacheInvalidator.InvalidateAuthCacheByUserID(ctx, user.ID)
@@ -944,6 +982,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) DeleteGroup(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// 注意：user_group_rate_multipliers 表通过外键 ON DELETE CASCADE 自动清理

 	// 事务成功后，异步失效受影响用户的订阅缓存
 	if len(affectedUserIDs) > 0 && s.billingCacheService != nil {
--- a/backend/internal/service/antigravity_gateway_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/antigravity_gateway_service.go
@@ -1106,7 +1106,7 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context,
 					Message:            upstreamMsg,
 					Detail:             upstreamDetail,
 				})
-				return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
+				return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode, ResponseBody: respBody}
 			}

 			return nil, s.writeMappedClaudeError(c, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"), respBody)
@@ -1779,6 +1779,7 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) ForwardGemini(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Co
 	// 处理错误响应
 	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
 		respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+		contentType := resp.Header.Get("Content-Type")
 		// 尽早关闭原始响应体，释放连接；后续逻辑仍可能需要读取 body，因此用内存副本重新包装。
 		_ = resp.Body.Close()
 		resp.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(respBody))
@@ -1849,10 +1850,8 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) ForwardGemini(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Co
 				Message:            upstreamMsg,
 				Detail:             upstreamDetail,
 			})
-			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
+			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode, ResponseBody: unwrappedForOps}
 		}
-
-		contentType := resp.Header.Get("Content-Type")
 		if contentType == "" {
 			contentType = "application/json"
 		}
--- a/backend/internal/service/api_key_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/api_key_service.go
@@ -115,15 +115,16 @@ type UpdateAPIKeyRequest struct {

 // APIKeyService API Key服务
 type APIKeyService struct {
-	apiKeyRepo  APIKeyRepository
-	userRepo    UserRepository
-	groupRepo   GroupRepository
-	userSubRepo UserSubscriptionRepository
-	cache       APIKeyCache
-	cfg         *config.Config
-	authCacheL1 *ristretto.Cache
-	authCfg     apiKeyAuthCacheConfig
-	authGroup   singleflight.Group
+	apiKeyRepo        APIKeyRepository
+	userRepo          UserRepository
+	groupRepo         GroupRepository
+	userSubRepo       UserSubscriptionRepository
+	userGroupRateRepo UserGroupRateRepository
+	cache             APIKeyCache
+	cfg               *config.Config
+	authCacheL1       *ristretto.Cache
+	authCfg           apiKeyAuthCacheConfig
+	authGroup         singleflight.Group
 }

 // NewAPIKeyService 创建API Key服务实例
@@ -132,16 +133,18 @@ func NewAPIKeyService(
 	userRepo UserRepository,
 	groupRepo GroupRepository,
 	userSubRepo UserSubscriptionRepository,
+	userGroupRateRepo UserGroupRateRepository,
 	cache APIKeyCache,
 	cfg *config.Config,
 ) *APIKeyService {
 	svc := &APIKeyService{
-		apiKeyRepo:  apiKeyRepo,
-		userRepo:    userRepo,
-		groupRepo:   groupRepo,
-		userSubRepo: userSubRepo,
-		cache:       cache,
-		cfg:         cfg,
+		apiKeyRepo:        apiKeyRepo,
+		userRepo:          userRepo,
+		groupRepo:         groupRepo,
+		userSubRepo:       userSubRepo,
+		userGroupRateRepo: userGroupRateRepo,
+		cache:             cache,
+		cfg:               cfg,
 	}
 	svc.initAuthCache(cfg)
 	return svc
@@ -627,6 +630,19 @@ func (s *APIKeyService) SearchAPIKeys(ctx context.Context, userID int64, keyword
 	return keys, nil
 }

+// GetUserGroupRates 获取用户的专属分组倍率配置
+// 返回 map[groupID]rateMultiplier
+func (s *APIKeyService) GetUserGroupRates(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (map[int64]float64, error) {
+	if s.userGroupRateRepo == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	rates, err := s.userGroupRateRepo.GetByUserID(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get user group rates: %w", err)
+	}
+	return rates, nil
+}
+
 // CheckAPIKeyQuotaAndExpiry checks if the API key is valid for use (not expired, quota not exhausted)
 // Returns nil if valid, error if invalid
 func (s *APIKeyService) CheckAPIKeyQuotaAndExpiry(apiKey *APIKey) error {
--- a/backend/internal/service/api_key_service_cache_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/api_key_service_cache_test.go
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ func TestAPIKeyService_GetByKey_UsesL2Cache(t *testing.T) {
 			NegativeTTLSeconds: 30,
 		},
 	}
-	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)

 	groupID := int64(9)
 	cacheEntry := &APIKeyAuthCacheEntry{
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ func TestAPIKeyService_GetByKey_NegativeCache(t *testing.T) {
 			NegativeTTLSeconds: 30,
 		},
 	}
-	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
 	cache.getAuthCache = func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error) {
 		return &APIKeyAuthCacheEntry{NotFound: true}, nil
 	}
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ func TestAPIKeyService_GetByKey_CacheMissStoresL2(t *testing.T) {
 			NegativeTTLSeconds: 30,
 		},
 	}
-	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
 	cache.getAuthCache = func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error) {
 		return nil, redis.Nil
 	}
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ func TestAPIKeyService_GetByKey_UsesL1Cache(t *testing.T) {
 			L1TTLSeconds: 60,
 		},
 	}
-	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
 	require.NotNil(t, svc.authCacheL1)

 	_, err := svc.GetByKey(context.Background(), "k-l1")
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ func TestAPIKeyService_InvalidateAuthCacheByUserID(t *testing.T) {
 			NegativeTTLSeconds: 30,
 		},
 	}
-	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)

 	svc.InvalidateAuthCacheByUserID(context.Background(), 7)
 	require.Len(t, cache.deleteAuthKeys, 2)
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ func TestAPIKeyService_InvalidateAuthCacheByGroupID(t *testing.T) {
 			L2TTLSeconds: 60,
 		},
 	}
-	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)

 	svc.InvalidateAuthCacheByGroupID(context.Background(), 9)
 	require.Len(t, cache.deleteAuthKeys, 2)
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ func TestAPIKeyService_InvalidateAuthCacheByKey(t *testing.T) {
 			L2TTLSeconds: 60,
 		},
 	}
-	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)

 	svc.InvalidateAuthCacheByKey(context.Background(), "k1")
 	require.Len(t, cache.deleteAuthKeys, 1)
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ func TestAPIKeyService_GetByKey_CachesNegativeOnRepoMiss(t *testing.T) {
 			NegativeTTLSeconds: 30,
 		},
 	}
-	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
 	cache.getAuthCache = func(ctx context.Context, key string) (*APIKeyAuthCacheEntry, error) {
 		return nil, redis.Nil
 	}
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ func TestAPIKeyService_GetByKey_SingleflightCollapses(t *testing.T) {
 			Singleflight: true,
 		},
 	}
-	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)
+	svc := NewAPIKeyService(repo, nil, nil, nil, nil, cache, cfg)

 	start := make(chan struct{})
 	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
--- a/backend/internal/service/error_passthrough_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/error_passthrough_service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/model"
+)
+
+// ErrorPassthroughRepository 定义错误透传规则的数据访问接口
+type ErrorPassthroughRepository interface {
+	// List 获取所有规则
+	List(ctx context.Context) ([]*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error)
+	// GetByID 根据 ID 获取规则
+	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error)
+	// Create 创建规则
+	Create(ctx context.Context, rule *model.ErrorPassthroughRule) (*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error)
+	// Update 更新规则
+	Update(ctx context.Context, rule *model.ErrorPassthroughRule) (*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error)
+	// Delete 删除规则
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+}
+
+// ErrorPassthroughCache 定义错误透传规则的缓存接口
+type ErrorPassthroughCache interface {
+	// Get 从缓存获取规则列表
+	Get(ctx context.Context) ([]*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, bool)
+	// Set 设置缓存
+	Set(ctx context.Context, rules []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule) error
+	// Invalidate 使缓存失效
+	Invalidate(ctx context.Context) error
+	// NotifyUpdate 通知其他实例刷新缓存
+	NotifyUpdate(ctx context.Context) error
+	// SubscribeUpdates 订阅缓存更新通知
+	SubscribeUpdates(ctx context.Context, handler func())
+}
+
+// ErrorPassthroughService 错误透传规则服务
+type ErrorPassthroughService struct {
+	repo  ErrorPassthroughRepository
+	cache ErrorPassthroughCache
+
+	// 本地内存缓存，用于快速匹配
+	localCache   []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule
+	localCacheMu sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// NewErrorPassthroughService 创建错误透传规则服务
+func NewErrorPassthroughService(
+	repo ErrorPassthroughRepository,
+	cache ErrorPassthroughCache,
+) *ErrorPassthroughService {
+	svc := &ErrorPassthroughService{
+		repo:  repo,
+		cache: cache,
+	}
+
+	// 启动时加载规则到本地缓存
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	if err := svc.refreshLocalCache(ctx); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[ErrorPassthroughService] Failed to load rules on startup: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// 订阅缓存更新通知
+	if cache != nil {
+		cache.SubscribeUpdates(ctx, func() {
+			if err := svc.refreshLocalCache(context.Background()); err != nil {
+				log.Printf("[ErrorPassthroughService] Failed to refresh cache on notification: %v", err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	return svc
+}
+
+// List 获取所有规则
+func (s *ErrorPassthroughService) List(ctx context.Context) ([]*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error) {
+	return s.repo.List(ctx)
+}
+
+// GetByID 根据 ID 获取规则
+func (s *ErrorPassthroughService) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error) {
+	return s.repo.GetByID(ctx, id)
+}
+
+// Create 创建规则
+func (s *ErrorPassthroughService) Create(ctx context.Context, rule *model.ErrorPassthroughRule) (*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error) {
+	if err := rule.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	created, err := s.repo.Create(ctx, rule)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// 刷新缓存
+	s.invalidateAndNotify(ctx)
+
+	return created, nil
+}
+
+// Update 更新规则
+func (s *ErrorPassthroughService) Update(ctx context.Context, rule *model.ErrorPassthroughRule) (*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error) {
+	if err := rule.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	updated, err := s.repo.Update(ctx, rule)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// 刷新缓存
+	s.invalidateAndNotify(ctx)
+
+	return updated, nil
+}
+
+// Delete 删除规则
+func (s *ErrorPassthroughService) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	if err := s.repo.Delete(ctx, id); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// 刷新缓存
+	s.invalidateAndNotify(ctx)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// MatchRule 匹配透传规则
+// 返回第一个匹配的规则，如果没有匹配则返回 nil
+func (s *ErrorPassthroughService) MatchRule(platform string, statusCode int, body []byte) *model.ErrorPassthroughRule {
+	rules := s.getCachedRules()
+	if len(rules) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	bodyStr := strings.ToLower(string(body))
+
+	for _, rule := range rules {
+		if !rule.Enabled {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !s.platformMatches(rule, platform) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if s.ruleMatches(rule, statusCode, bodyStr) {
+			return rule
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// getCachedRules 获取缓存的规则列表（按优先级排序）
+func (s *ErrorPassthroughService) getCachedRules() []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule {
+	s.localCacheMu.RLock()
+	rules := s.localCache
+	s.localCacheMu.RUnlock()
+
+	if rules != nil {
+		return rules
+	}
+
+	// 如果本地缓存为空，尝试刷新
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	if err := s.refreshLocalCache(ctx); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[ErrorPassthroughService] Failed to refresh cache: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	s.localCacheMu.RLock()
+	defer s.localCacheMu.RUnlock()
+	return s.localCache
+}
+
+// refreshLocalCache 刷新本地缓存
+func (s *ErrorPassthroughService) refreshLocalCache(ctx context.Context) error {
+	// 先尝试从 Redis 缓存获取
+	if s.cache != nil {
+		if rules, ok := s.cache.Get(ctx); ok {
+			s.setLocalCache(rules)
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 从数据库加载（repo.List 已按 priority 排序）
+	rules, err := s.repo.List(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// 更新 Redis 缓存
+	if s.cache != nil {
+		if err := s.cache.Set(ctx, rules); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[ErrorPassthroughService] Failed to set cache: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 更新本地缓存（setLocalCache 内部会确保排序）
+	s.setLocalCache(rules)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// setLocalCache 设置本地缓存
+func (s *ErrorPassthroughService) setLocalCache(rules []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule) {
+	// 按优先级排序
+	sorted := make([]*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, len(rules))
+	copy(sorted, rules)
+	sort.Slice(sorted, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return sorted[i].Priority < sorted[j].Priority
+	})
+
+	s.localCacheMu.Lock()
+	s.localCache = sorted
+	s.localCacheMu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// invalidateAndNotify 使缓存失效并通知其他实例
+func (s *ErrorPassthroughService) invalidateAndNotify(ctx context.Context) {
+	// 刷新本地缓存
+	if err := s.refreshLocalCache(ctx); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[ErrorPassthroughService] Failed to refresh local cache: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// 通知其他实例
+	if s.cache != nil {
+		if err := s.cache.NotifyUpdate(ctx); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[ErrorPassthroughService] Failed to notify cache update: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// platformMatches 检查平台是否匹配
+func (s *ErrorPassthroughService) platformMatches(rule *model.ErrorPassthroughRule, platform string) bool {
+	// 如果没有配置平台限制，则匹配所有平台
+	if len(rule.Platforms) == 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	platform = strings.ToLower(platform)
+	for _, p := range rule.Platforms {
+		if strings.ToLower(p) == platform {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+// ruleMatches 检查规则是否匹配
+func (s *ErrorPassthroughService) ruleMatches(rule *model.ErrorPassthroughRule, statusCode int, bodyLower string) bool {
+	hasErrorCodes := len(rule.ErrorCodes) > 0
+	hasKeywords := len(rule.Keywords) > 0
+
+	// 如果没有配置任何条件，不匹配
+	if !hasErrorCodes && !hasKeywords {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	codeMatch := !hasErrorCodes || s.containsInt(rule.ErrorCodes, statusCode)
+	keywordMatch := !hasKeywords || s.containsAnyKeyword(bodyLower, rule.Keywords)
+
+	if rule.MatchMode == model.MatchModeAll {
+		// "all" 模式：所有配置的条件都必须满足
+		return codeMatch && keywordMatch
+	}
+
+	// "any" 模式：任一条件满足即可
+	if hasErrorCodes && hasKeywords {
+		return codeMatch || keywordMatch
+	}
+	return codeMatch && keywordMatch
+}
+
+// containsInt 检查切片是否包含指定整数
+func (s *ErrorPassthroughService) containsInt(slice []int, val int) bool {
+	for _, v := range slice {
+		if v == val {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// containsAnyKeyword 检查字符串是否包含任一关键词（不区分大小写）
+func (s *ErrorPassthroughService) containsAnyKeyword(bodyLower string, keywords []string) bool {
+	for _, kw := range keywords {
+		if strings.Contains(bodyLower, strings.ToLower(kw)) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
--- a/backend/internal/service/error_passthrough_service_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/error_passthrough_service_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+//go:build unit
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/model"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// mockErrorPassthroughRepo 用于测试的 mock repository
+type mockErrorPassthroughRepo struct {
+	rules []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule
+}
+
+func (m *mockErrorPassthroughRepo) List(ctx context.Context) ([]*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error) {
+	return m.rules, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockErrorPassthroughRepo) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error) {
+	for _, r := range m.rules {
+		if r.ID == id {
+			return r, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockErrorPassthroughRepo) Create(ctx context.Context, rule *model.ErrorPassthroughRule) (*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error) {
+	rule.ID = int64(len(m.rules) + 1)
+	m.rules = append(m.rules, rule)
+	return rule, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockErrorPassthroughRepo) Update(ctx context.Context, rule *model.ErrorPassthroughRule) (*model.ErrorPassthroughRule, error) {
+	for i, r := range m.rules {
+		if r.ID == rule.ID {
+			m.rules[i] = rule
+			return rule, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return rule, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockErrorPassthroughRepo) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
+	for i, r := range m.rules {
+		if r.ID == id {
+			m.rules = append(m.rules[:i], m.rules[i+1:]...)
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// newTestService 创建测试用的服务实例
+func newTestService(rules []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule) *ErrorPassthroughService {
+	repo := &mockErrorPassthroughRepo{rules: rules}
+	svc := &ErrorPassthroughService{
+		repo:  repo,
+		cache: nil, // 不使用缓存
+	}
+	// 直接设置本地缓存，避免调用 refreshLocalCache
+	svc.setLocalCache(rules)
+	return svc
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// 测试 ruleMatches 核心匹配逻辑
+// =============================================================================
+
+func TestRuleMatches_NoConditions(t *testing.T) {
+	// 没有配置任何条件时，不应该匹配
+	svc := newTestService(nil)
+	rule := &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		Enabled:    true,
+		ErrorCodes: []int{},
+		Keywords:   []string{},
+		MatchMode:  model.MatchModeAny,
+	}
+
+	assert.False(t, svc.ruleMatches(rule, 422, "some error message"),
+		"没有配置条件时不应该匹配")
+}
+
+func TestRuleMatches_OnlyErrorCodes_AnyMode(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := newTestService(nil)
+	rule := &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		Enabled:    true,
+		ErrorCodes: []int{422, 400},
+		Keywords:   []string{},
+		MatchMode:  model.MatchModeAny,
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		statusCode int
+		body       string
+		expected   bool
+	}{
+		{"状态码匹配 422", 422, "any message", true},
+		{"状态码匹配 400", 400, "any message", true},
+		{"状态码不匹配 500", 500, "any message", false},
+		{"状态码不匹配 429", 429, "any message", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := svc.ruleMatches(rule, tt.statusCode, tt.body)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRuleMatches_OnlyKeywords_AnyMode(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := newTestService(nil)
+	rule := &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		Enabled:    true,
+		ErrorCodes: []int{},
+		Keywords:   []string{"context limit", "model not supported"},
+		MatchMode:  model.MatchModeAny,
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		statusCode int
+		body       string
+		expected   bool
+	}{
+		{"关键词匹配 context limit", 500, "error: context limit reached", true},
+		{"关键词匹配 model not supported", 400, "the model not supported here", true},
+		{"关键词不匹配", 422, "some other error", false},
+		// 注意：ruleMatches 接收的 body 参数应该是已经转换为小写的
+		// 实际使用时，MatchRule 会先将 body 转换为小写再传给 ruleMatches
+		{"关键词大小写 - 输入已小写", 500, "context limit exceeded", true},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// 模拟 MatchRule 的行为：先转换为小写
+			bodyLower := strings.ToLower(tt.body)
+			result := svc.ruleMatches(rule, tt.statusCode, bodyLower)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRuleMatches_BothConditions_AnyMode(t *testing.T) {
+	// any 模式：错误码 OR 关键词
+	svc := newTestService(nil)
+	rule := &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		Enabled:    true,
+		ErrorCodes: []int{422, 400},
+		Keywords:   []string{"context limit"},
+		MatchMode:  model.MatchModeAny,
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		statusCode int
+		body       string
+		expected   bool
+		reason     string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "状态码和关键词都匹配",
+			statusCode: 422,
+			body:       "context limit reached",
+			expected:   true,
+			reason:     "both match",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "只有状态码匹配",
+			statusCode: 422,
+			body:       "some other error",
+			expected:   true,
+			reason:     "code matches, keyword doesn't - OR mode should match",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "只有关键词匹配",
+			statusCode: 500,
+			body:       "context limit exceeded",
+			expected:   true,
+			reason:     "keyword matches, code doesn't - OR mode should match",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "都不匹配",
+			statusCode: 500,
+			body:       "some other error",
+			expected:   false,
+			reason:     "neither matches",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := svc.ruleMatches(rule, tt.statusCode, tt.body)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result, tt.reason)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRuleMatches_BothConditions_AllMode(t *testing.T) {
+	// all 模式：错误码 AND 关键词
+	svc := newTestService(nil)
+	rule := &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		Enabled:    true,
+		ErrorCodes: []int{422, 400},
+		Keywords:   []string{"context limit"},
+		MatchMode:  model.MatchModeAll,
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		statusCode int
+		body       string
+		expected   bool
+		reason     string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "状态码和关键词都匹配",
+			statusCode: 422,
+			body:       "context limit reached",
+			expected:   true,
+			reason:     "both match - AND mode should match",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "只有状态码匹配",
+			statusCode: 422,
+			body:       "some other error",
+			expected:   false,
+			reason:     "code matches but keyword doesn't - AND mode should NOT match",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "只有关键词匹配",
+			statusCode: 500,
+			body:       "context limit exceeded",
+			expected:   false,
+			reason:     "keyword matches but code doesn't - AND mode should NOT match",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "都不匹配",
+			statusCode: 500,
+			body:       "some other error",
+			expected:   false,
+			reason:     "neither matches",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := svc.ruleMatches(rule, tt.statusCode, tt.body)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result, tt.reason)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// 测试 platformMatches 平台匹配逻辑
+// =============================================================================
+
+func TestPlatformMatches(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := newTestService(nil)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name            string
+		rulePlatforms   []string
+		requestPlatform string
+		expected        bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:            "空平台列表匹配所有",
+			rulePlatforms:   []string{},
+			requestPlatform: "anthropic",
+			expected:        true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "nil平台列表匹配所有",
+			rulePlatforms:   nil,
+			requestPlatform: "openai",
+			expected:        true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "精确匹配 anthropic",
+			rulePlatforms:   []string{"anthropic", "openai"},
+			requestPlatform: "anthropic",
+			expected:        true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "精确匹配 openai",
+			rulePlatforms:   []string{"anthropic", "openai"},
+			requestPlatform: "openai",
+			expected:        true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "不匹配 gemini",
+			rulePlatforms:   []string{"anthropic", "openai"},
+			requestPlatform: "gemini",
+			expected:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "大小写不敏感",
+			rulePlatforms:   []string{"Anthropic", "OpenAI"},
+			requestPlatform: "anthropic",
+			expected:        true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "匹配 antigravity",
+			rulePlatforms:   []string{"antigravity"},
+			requestPlatform: "antigravity",
+			expected:        true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			rule := &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+				Platforms: tt.rulePlatforms,
+			}
+			result := svc.platformMatches(rule, tt.requestPlatform)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// 测试 MatchRule 完整匹配流程
+// =============================================================================
+
+func TestMatchRule_Priority(t *testing.T) {
+	// 测试规则按优先级排序，优先级小的先匹配
+	rules := []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		{
+			ID:         1,
+			Name:       "Low Priority",
+			Enabled:    true,
+			Priority:   10,
+			ErrorCodes: []int{422},
+			MatchMode:  model.MatchModeAny,
+		},
+		{
+			ID:         2,
+			Name:       "High Priority",
+			Enabled:    true,
+			Priority:   1,
+			ErrorCodes: []int{422},
+			MatchMode:  model.MatchModeAny,
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc := newTestService(rules)
+	matched := svc.MatchRule("anthropic", 422, []byte("error"))
+
+	require.NotNil(t, matched)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(2), matched.ID, "应该匹配优先级更高(数值更小)的规则")
+	assert.Equal(t, "High Priority", matched.Name)
+}
+
+func TestMatchRule_DisabledRule(t *testing.T) {
+	rules := []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		{
+			ID:         1,
+			Name:       "Disabled Rule",
+			Enabled:    false,
+			Priority:   1,
+			ErrorCodes: []int{422},
+			MatchMode:  model.MatchModeAny,
+		},
+		{
+			ID:         2,
+			Name:       "Enabled Rule",
+			Enabled:    true,
+			Priority:   10,
+			ErrorCodes: []int{422},
+			MatchMode:  model.MatchModeAny,
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc := newTestService(rules)
+	matched := svc.MatchRule("anthropic", 422, []byte("error"))
+
+	require.NotNil(t, matched)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(2), matched.ID, "应该跳过禁用的规则")
+}
+
+func TestMatchRule_PlatformFilter(t *testing.T) {
+	rules := []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		{
+			ID:         1,
+			Name:       "Anthropic Only",
+			Enabled:    true,
+			Priority:   1,
+			ErrorCodes: []int{422},
+			Platforms:  []string{"anthropic"},
+			MatchMode:  model.MatchModeAny,
+		},
+		{
+			ID:         2,
+			Name:       "OpenAI Only",
+			Enabled:    true,
+			Priority:   2,
+			ErrorCodes: []int{422},
+			Platforms:  []string{"openai"},
+			MatchMode:  model.MatchModeAny,
+		},
+		{
+			ID:         3,
+			Name:       "All Platforms",
+			Enabled:    true,
+			Priority:   3,
+			ErrorCodes: []int{422},
+			Platforms:  []string{},
+			MatchMode:  model.MatchModeAny,
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc := newTestService(rules)
+
+	t.Run("Anthropic 请求匹配 Anthropic 规则", func(t *testing.T) {
+		matched := svc.MatchRule("anthropic", 422, []byte("error"))
+		require.NotNil(t, matched)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(1), matched.ID)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("OpenAI 请求匹配 OpenAI 规则", func(t *testing.T) {
+		matched := svc.MatchRule("openai", 422, []byte("error"))
+		require.NotNil(t, matched)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(2), matched.ID)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Gemini 请求匹配全平台规则", func(t *testing.T) {
+		matched := svc.MatchRule("gemini", 422, []byte("error"))
+		require.NotNil(t, matched)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(3), matched.ID)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Antigravity 请求匹配全平台规则", func(t *testing.T) {
+		matched := svc.MatchRule("antigravity", 422, []byte("error"))
+		require.NotNil(t, matched)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(3), matched.ID)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMatchRule_NoMatch(t *testing.T) {
+	rules := []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		{
+			ID:         1,
+			Name:       "Rule for 422",
+			Enabled:    true,
+			Priority:   1,
+			ErrorCodes: []int{422},
+			MatchMode:  model.MatchModeAny,
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc := newTestService(rules)
+	matched := svc.MatchRule("anthropic", 500, []byte("error"))
+
+	assert.Nil(t, matched, "不匹配任何规则时应返回 nil")
+}
+
+func TestMatchRule_EmptyRules(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := newTestService([]*model.ErrorPassthroughRule{})
+	matched := svc.MatchRule("anthropic", 422, []byte("error"))
+
+	assert.Nil(t, matched, "没有规则时应返回 nil")
+}
+
+func TestMatchRule_CaseInsensitiveKeyword(t *testing.T) {
+	rules := []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		{
+			ID:        1,
+			Name:      "Context Limit",
+			Enabled:   true,
+			Priority:  1,
+			Keywords:  []string{"Context Limit"},
+			MatchMode: model.MatchModeAny,
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc := newTestService(rules)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		body     string
+		expected bool
+	}{
+		{"完全匹配", "Context Limit reached", true},
+		{"小写匹配", "context limit reached", true},
+		{"大写匹配", "CONTEXT LIMIT REACHED", true},
+		{"混合大小写", "ConTeXt LiMiT error", true},
+		{"不匹配", "some other error", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			matched := svc.MatchRule("anthropic", 500, []byte(tt.body))
+			if tt.expected {
+				assert.NotNil(t, matched)
+			} else {
+				assert.Nil(t, matched)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// 测试真实场景
+// =============================================================================
+
+func TestMatchRule_RealWorldScenario_ContextLimitPassthrough(t *testing.T) {
+	// 场景：上游返回 422 + "context limit has been reached"，需要透传给客户端
+	rules := []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		{
+			ID:              1,
+			Name:            "Context Limit Passthrough",
+			Enabled:         true,
+			Priority:        1,
+			ErrorCodes:      []int{422},
+			Keywords:        []string{"context limit"},
+			MatchMode:       model.MatchModeAll, // 必须同时满足
+			Platforms:       []string{"anthropic", "antigravity"},
+			PassthroughCode: true,
+			PassthroughBody: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc := newTestService(rules)
+
+	// 测试 Anthropic 平台
+	t.Run("Anthropic 422 with context limit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := []byte(`{"type":"error","error":{"type":"invalid_request","message":"The context limit has been reached"}}`)
+		matched := svc.MatchRule("anthropic", 422, body)
+		require.NotNil(t, matched)
+		assert.True(t, matched.PassthroughCode)
+		assert.True(t, matched.PassthroughBody)
+	})
+
+	// 测试 Antigravity 平台
+	t.Run("Antigravity 422 with context limit", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := []byte(`{"error":"context limit exceeded"}`)
+		matched := svc.MatchRule("antigravity", 422, body)
+		require.NotNil(t, matched)
+	})
+
+	// 测试 OpenAI 平台（不在规则的平台列表中）
+	t.Run("OpenAI should not match", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := []byte(`{"error":"context limit exceeded"}`)
+		matched := svc.MatchRule("openai", 422, body)
+		assert.Nil(t, matched, "OpenAI 不在规则的平台列表中")
+	})
+
+	// 测试状态码不匹配
+	t.Run("Wrong status code", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := []byte(`{"error":"context limit exceeded"}`)
+		matched := svc.MatchRule("anthropic", 400, body)
+		assert.Nil(t, matched, "状态码不匹配")
+	})
+
+	// 测试关键词不匹配
+	t.Run("Wrong keyword", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := []byte(`{"error":"rate limit exceeded"}`)
+		matched := svc.MatchRule("anthropic", 422, body)
+		assert.Nil(t, matched, "关键词不匹配")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMatchRule_RealWorldScenario_CustomErrorMessage(t *testing.T) {
+	// 场景：某些错误需要返回自定义消息，隐藏上游详细信息
+	customMsg := "Service temporarily unavailable, please try again later"
+	responseCode := 503
+	rules := []*model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+		{
+			ID:              1,
+			Name:            "Hide Internal Errors",
+			Enabled:         true,
+			Priority:        1,
+			ErrorCodes:      []int{500, 502, 503},
+			MatchMode:       model.MatchModeAny,
+			PassthroughCode: false,
+			ResponseCode:    &responseCode,
+			PassthroughBody: false,
+			CustomMessage:   &customMsg,
+		},
+	}
+
+	svc := newTestService(rules)
+
+	matched := svc.MatchRule("anthropic", 500, []byte("internal server error"))
+	require.NotNil(t, matched)
+	assert.False(t, matched.PassthroughCode)
+	assert.Equal(t, 503, *matched.ResponseCode)
+	assert.False(t, matched.PassthroughBody)
+	assert.Equal(t, customMsg, *matched.CustomMessage)
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// 测试 model.Validate
+// =============================================================================
+
+func TestErrorPassthroughRule_Validate(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		rule        *model.ErrorPassthroughRule
+		expectError bool
+		errorField  string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "有效规则 - 透传模式（含错误码）",
+			rule: &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+				Name:            "Valid Rule",
+				MatchMode:       model.MatchModeAny,
+				ErrorCodes:      []int{422},
+				PassthroughCode: true,
+				PassthroughBody: true,
+			},
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "有效规则 - 透传模式（含关键词）",
+			rule: &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+				Name:            "Valid Rule",
+				MatchMode:       model.MatchModeAny,
+				Keywords:        []string{"context limit"},
+				PassthroughCode: true,
+				PassthroughBody: true,
+			},
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "有效规则 - 自定义响应",
+			rule: &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+				Name:            "Valid Rule",
+				MatchMode:       model.MatchModeAll,
+				ErrorCodes:      []int{500},
+				Keywords:        []string{"internal error"},
+				PassthroughCode: false,
+				ResponseCode:    testIntPtr(503),
+				PassthroughBody: false,
+				CustomMessage:   testStrPtr("Custom error"),
+			},
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "缺少名称",
+			rule: &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+				Name:            "",
+				MatchMode:       model.MatchModeAny,
+				ErrorCodes:      []int{422},
+				PassthroughCode: true,
+				PassthroughBody: true,
+			},
+			expectError: true,
+			errorField:  "name",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "无效的匹配模式",
+			rule: &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+				Name:            "Invalid Mode",
+				MatchMode:       "invalid",
+				ErrorCodes:      []int{422},
+				PassthroughCode: true,
+				PassthroughBody: true,
+			},
+			expectError: true,
+			errorField:  "match_mode",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "缺少匹配条件（错误码和关键词都为空）",
+			rule: &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+				Name:            "No Conditions",
+				MatchMode:       model.MatchModeAny,
+				ErrorCodes:      []int{},
+				Keywords:        []string{},
+				PassthroughCode: true,
+				PassthroughBody: true,
+			},
+			expectError: true,
+			errorField:  "conditions",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "缺少匹配条件（nil切片）",
+			rule: &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+				Name:            "Nil Conditions",
+				MatchMode:       model.MatchModeAny,
+				ErrorCodes:      nil,
+				Keywords:        nil,
+				PassthroughCode: true,
+				PassthroughBody: true,
+			},
+			expectError: true,
+			errorField:  "conditions",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "自定义状态码但未提供值",
+			rule: &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+				Name:            "Missing Code",
+				MatchMode:       model.MatchModeAny,
+				ErrorCodes:      []int{422},
+				PassthroughCode: false,
+				ResponseCode:    nil,
+				PassthroughBody: true,
+			},
+			expectError: true,
+			errorField:  "response_code",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "自定义消息但未提供值",
+			rule: &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+				Name:            "Missing Message",
+				MatchMode:       model.MatchModeAny,
+				ErrorCodes:      []int{422},
+				PassthroughCode: true,
+				PassthroughBody: false,
+				CustomMessage:   nil,
+			},
+			expectError: true,
+			errorField:  "custom_message",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "自定义消息为空字符串",
+			rule: &model.ErrorPassthroughRule{
+				Name:            "Empty Message",
+				MatchMode:       model.MatchModeAny,
+				ErrorCodes:      []int{422},
+				PassthroughCode: true,
+				PassthroughBody: false,
+				CustomMessage:   testStrPtr(""),
+			},
+			expectError: true,
+			errorField:  "custom_message",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := tt.rule.Validate()
+			if tt.expectError {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+				validationErr, ok := err.(*model.ValidationError)
+				require.True(t, ok, "应该返回 ValidationError")
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.errorField, validationErr.Field)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// Helper functions
+func testIntPtr(i int) *int       { return &i }
+func testStrPtr(s string) *string { return &s }
--- a/backend/internal/service/gateway_cached_tokens_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/gateway_cached_tokens_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+	"github.com/tidwall/sjson"
+)
+
+// ---------- reconcileCachedTokens 单元测试 ----------
+
+func TestReconcileCachedTokens_NilUsage(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.False(t, reconcileCachedTokens(nil))
+}
+
+func TestReconcileCachedTokens_AlreadyHasCacheRead(t *testing.T) {
+	// 已有标准字段，不应覆盖
+	usage := map[string]any{
+		"cache_read_input_tokens": float64(100),
+		"cached_tokens":           float64(50),
+	}
+	assert.False(t, reconcileCachedTokens(usage))
+	assert.Equal(t, float64(100), usage["cache_read_input_tokens"])
+}
+
+func TestReconcileCachedTokens_KimiStyle(t *testing.T) {
+	// Kimi 风格：cache_read_input_tokens=0，cached_tokens>0
+	usage := map[string]any{
+		"input_tokens":                float64(23),
+		"cache_creation_input_tokens": float64(0),
+		"cache_read_input_tokens":     float64(0),
+		"cached_tokens":               float64(23),
+	}
+	assert.True(t, reconcileCachedTokens(usage))
+	assert.Equal(t, float64(23), usage["cache_read_input_tokens"])
+}
+
+func TestReconcileCachedTokens_NoCachedTokens(t *testing.T) {
+	// 无 cached_tokens 字段（原生 Claude）
+	usage := map[string]any{
+		"input_tokens":                float64(100),
+		"cache_read_input_tokens":     float64(0),
+		"cache_creation_input_tokens": float64(0),
+	}
+	assert.False(t, reconcileCachedTokens(usage))
+	assert.Equal(t, float64(0), usage["cache_read_input_tokens"])
+}
+
+func TestReconcileCachedTokens_CachedTokensZero(t *testing.T) {
+	// cached_tokens 为 0，不应覆盖
+	usage := map[string]any{
+		"cache_read_input_tokens": float64(0),
+		"cached_tokens":           float64(0),
+	}
+	assert.False(t, reconcileCachedTokens(usage))
+	assert.Equal(t, float64(0), usage["cache_read_input_tokens"])
+}
+
+func TestReconcileCachedTokens_MissingCacheReadField(t *testing.T) {
+	// cache_read_input_tokens 字段完全不存在，cached_tokens > 0
+	usage := map[string]any{
+		"cached_tokens": float64(42),
+	}
+	assert.True(t, reconcileCachedTokens(usage))
+	assert.Equal(t, float64(42), usage["cache_read_input_tokens"])
+}
+
+// ---------- 流式 message_start 事件 reconcile 测试 ----------
+
+func TestStreamingReconcile_MessageStart(t *testing.T) {
+	// 模拟 Kimi 返回的 message_start SSE 事件
+	eventJSON := `{
+		"type": "message_start",
+		"message": {
+			"id": "msg_123",
+			"type": "message",
+			"role": "assistant",
+			"model": "kimi",
+			"usage": {
+				"input_tokens": 23,
+				"cache_creation_input_tokens": 0,
+				"cache_read_input_tokens": 0,
+				"cached_tokens": 23
+			}
+		}
+	}`
+
+	var event map[string]any
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal([]byte(eventJSON), &event))
+
+	eventType, _ := event["type"].(string)
+	require.Equal(t, "message_start", eventType)
+
+	// 模拟 processSSEEvent 中的 reconcile 逻辑
+	if msg, ok := event["message"].(map[string]any); ok {
+		if u, ok := msg["usage"].(map[string]any); ok {
+			reconcileCachedTokens(u)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 验证 cache_read_input_tokens 已被填充
+	msg, ok := event["message"].(map[string]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	usage, ok := msg["usage"].(map[string]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, float64(23), usage["cache_read_input_tokens"])
+
+	// 验证重新序列化后 JSON 也包含正确值
+	data, err := json.Marshal(event)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(23), gjson.GetBytes(data, "message.usage.cache_read_input_tokens").Int())
+}
+
+func TestStreamingReconcile_MessageStart_NativeClaude(t *testing.T) {
+	// 原生 Claude 不返回 cached_tokens，reconcile 不应改变任何值
+	eventJSON := `{
+		"type": "message_start",
+		"message": {
+			"usage": {
+				"input_tokens": 100,
+				"cache_creation_input_tokens": 50,
+				"cache_read_input_tokens": 30
+			}
+		}
+	}`
+
+	var event map[string]any
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal([]byte(eventJSON), &event))
+
+	if msg, ok := event["message"].(map[string]any); ok {
+		if u, ok := msg["usage"].(map[string]any); ok {
+			reconcileCachedTokens(u)
+		}
+	}
+
+	msg, ok := event["message"].(map[string]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	usage, ok := msg["usage"].(map[string]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, float64(30), usage["cache_read_input_tokens"])
+}
+
+// ---------- 流式 message_delta 事件 reconcile 测试 ----------
+
+func TestStreamingReconcile_MessageDelta(t *testing.T) {
+	// 模拟 Kimi 返回的 message_delta SSE 事件
+	eventJSON := `{
+		"type": "message_delta",
+		"usage": {
+			"output_tokens": 7,
+			"cache_read_input_tokens": 0,
+			"cached_tokens": 15
+		}
+	}`
+
+	var event map[string]any
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal([]byte(eventJSON), &event))
+
+	eventType, _ := event["type"].(string)
+	require.Equal(t, "message_delta", eventType)
+
+	// 模拟 processSSEEvent 中的 reconcile 逻辑
+	usage, ok := event["usage"].(map[string]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	reconcileCachedTokens(usage)
+	assert.Equal(t, float64(15), usage["cache_read_input_tokens"])
+}
+
+func TestStreamingReconcile_MessageDelta_NativeClaude(t *testing.T) {
+	// 原生 Claude 的 message_delta 通常没有 cached_tokens
+	eventJSON := `{
+		"type": "message_delta",
+		"usage": {
+			"output_tokens": 50
+		}
+	}`
+
+	var event map[string]any
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal([]byte(eventJSON), &event))
+
+	usage, ok := event["usage"].(map[string]any)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	reconcileCachedTokens(usage)
+	_, hasCacheRead := usage["cache_read_input_tokens"]
+	assert.False(t, hasCacheRead, "不应为原生 Claude 响应注入 cache_read_input_tokens")
+}
+
+// ---------- 非流式响应 reconcile 测试 ----------
+
+func TestNonStreamingReconcile_KimiResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	// 模拟 Kimi 非流式响应
+	body := []byte(`{
+		"id": "msg_123",
+		"type": "message",
+		"role": "assistant",
+		"content": [{"type": "text", "text": "hello"}],
+		"model": "kimi",
+		"usage": {
+			"input_tokens": 23,
+			"output_tokens": 7,
+			"cache_creation_input_tokens": 0,
+			"cache_read_input_tokens": 0,
+			"cached_tokens": 23,
+			"prompt_tokens": 23,
+			"completion_tokens": 7
+		}
+	}`)
+
+	// 模拟 handleNonStreamingResponse 中的逻辑
+	var response struct {
+		Usage ClaudeUsage `json:"usage"`
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(body, &response))
+
+	// reconcile
+	if response.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens == 0 {
+		cachedTokens := gjson.GetBytes(body, "usage.cached_tokens").Int()
+		if cachedTokens > 0 {
+			response.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens = int(cachedTokens)
+			if newBody, err := sjson.SetBytes(body, "usage.cache_read_input_tokens", cachedTokens); err == nil {
+				body = newBody
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 验证内部 usage（计费用）
+	assert.Equal(t, 23, response.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens)
+	assert.Equal(t, 23, response.Usage.InputTokens)
+	assert.Equal(t, 7, response.Usage.OutputTokens)
+
+	// 验证返回给客户端的 JSON body
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(23), gjson.GetBytes(body, "usage.cache_read_input_tokens").Int())
+}
+
+func TestNonStreamingReconcile_NativeClaude(t *testing.T) {
+	// 原生 Claude 响应：cache_read_input_tokens 已有值
+	body := []byte(`{
+		"usage": {
+			"input_tokens": 100,
+			"output_tokens": 50,
+			"cache_creation_input_tokens": 20,
+			"cache_read_input_tokens": 30
+		}
+	}`)
+
+	var response struct {
+		Usage ClaudeUsage `json:"usage"`
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(body, &response))
+
+	// CacheReadInputTokens == 30，条件不成立，整个 reconcile 分支不会执行
+	assert.NotZero(t, response.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens)
+	assert.Equal(t, 30, response.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens)
+}
+
+func TestNonStreamingReconcile_NoCachedTokens(t *testing.T) {
+	// 没有 cached_tokens 字段
+	body := []byte(`{
+		"usage": {
+			"input_tokens": 100,
+			"output_tokens": 50,
+			"cache_creation_input_tokens": 0,
+			"cache_read_input_tokens": 0
+		}
+	}`)
+
+	var response struct {
+		Usage ClaudeUsage `json:"usage"`
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(body, &response))
+
+	if response.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens == 0 {
+		cachedTokens := gjson.GetBytes(body, "usage.cached_tokens").Int()
+		if cachedTokens > 0 {
+			response.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens = int(cachedTokens)
+			if newBody, err := sjson.SetBytes(body, "usage.cache_read_input_tokens", cachedTokens); err == nil {
+				body = newBody
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// cache_read_input_tokens 应保持为 0
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, response.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), gjson.GetBytes(body, "usage.cache_read_input_tokens").Int())
+}
--- a/backend/internal/service/gateway_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/gateway_service.go
@@ -370,7 +370,8 @@ type ForwardResult struct {

 // UpstreamFailoverError indicates an upstream error that should trigger account failover.
 type UpstreamFailoverError struct {
-	StatusCode int
+	StatusCode   int
+	ResponseBody []byte // 上游响应体，用于错误透传规则匹配
 }

 func (e *UpstreamFailoverError) Error() string {
@@ -384,6 +385,7 @@ type GatewayService struct {
 	usageLogRepo        UsageLogRepository
 	userRepo            UserRepository
 	userSubRepo         UserSubscriptionRepository
+	userGroupRateRepo   UserGroupRateRepository
 	cache               GatewayCache
 	cfg                 *config.Config
 	schedulerSnapshot   *SchedulerSnapshotService
@@ -405,6 +407,7 @@ func NewGatewayService(
 	usageLogRepo UsageLogRepository,
 	userRepo UserRepository,
 	userSubRepo UserSubscriptionRepository,
+	userGroupRateRepo UserGroupRateRepository,
 	cache GatewayCache,
 	cfg *config.Config,
 	schedulerSnapshot *SchedulerSnapshotService,
@@ -424,6 +427,7 @@ func NewGatewayService(
 		usageLogRepo:        usageLogRepo,
 		userRepo:            userRepo,
 		userSubRepo:         userSubRepo,
+		userGroupRateRepo:   userGroupRateRepo,
 		cache:               cache,
 		cfg:                 cfg,
 		schedulerSnapshot:   schedulerSnapshot,
@@ -3281,7 +3285,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 					return ""
 				}(),
 			})
-			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
+			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode, ResponseBody: respBody}
 		}
 		return s.handleRetryExhaustedError(ctx, resp, c, account)
 	}
@@ -3311,10 +3315,8 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 				return ""
 			}(),
 		})
-		return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
+		return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode, ResponseBody: respBody}
 	}
-
-	// 处理错误响应（不可重试的错误）
 	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
 		// 可选：对部分 400 触发 failover（默认关闭以保持语义）
 		if resp.StatusCode == 400 && s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.FailoverOn400 {
@@ -3358,7 +3360,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, account *A
 					log.Printf("Account %d: 400 error, attempting failover", account.ID)
 				}
 				s.handleFailoverSideEffects(ctx, resp, account)
-				return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
+				return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode, ResponseBody: respBody}
 			}
 		}
 		return s.handleErrorResponse(ctx, resp, c, account)
@@ -3755,6 +3757,12 @@ func (s *GatewayService) shouldFailoverOn400(respBody []byte) bool {
 	return false
 }

+// ExtractUpstreamErrorMessage 从上游响应体中提取错误消息
+// 支持 Claude 风格的错误格式：{"type":"error","error":{"type":"...","message":"..."}}
+func ExtractUpstreamErrorMessage(body []byte) string {
+	return extractUpstreamErrorMessage(body)
+}
+
 func extractUpstreamErrorMessage(body []byte) string {
 	// Claude 风格：{"type":"error","error":{"type":"...","message":"..."}}
 	if m := gjson.GetBytes(body, "error.message").String(); strings.TrimSpace(m) != "" {
@@ -3822,7 +3830,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) handleErrorResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *http.Res
 		shouldDisable = s.rateLimitService.HandleUpstreamError(ctx, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, body)
 	}
 	if shouldDisable {
-		return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
+		return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode, ResponseBody: body}
 	}

 	// 记录上游错误响应体摘要便于排障（可选：由配置控制；不回显到客户端）
@@ -4168,6 +4176,20 @@ func (s *GatewayService) handleStreamingResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *http
 			eventName = eventType
 		}

+		// 兼容 Kimi cached_tokens → cache_read_input_tokens
+		if eventType == "message_start" {
+			if msg, ok := event["message"].(map[string]any); ok {
+				if u, ok := msg["usage"].(map[string]any); ok {
+					reconcileCachedTokens(u)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if eventType == "message_delta" {
+			if u, ok := event["usage"].(map[string]any); ok {
+				reconcileCachedTokens(u)
+			}
+		}
+
 		if needModelReplace {
 			if msg, ok := event["message"].(map[string]any); ok {
 				if model, ok := msg["model"].(string); ok && model == mappedModel {
@@ -4518,6 +4540,17 @@ func (s *GatewayService) handleNonStreamingResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *h
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse response: %w", err)
 	}

+	// 兼容 Kimi cached_tokens → cache_read_input_tokens
+	if response.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens == 0 {
+		cachedTokens := gjson.GetBytes(body, "usage.cached_tokens").Int()
+		if cachedTokens > 0 {
+			response.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens = int(cachedTokens)
+			if newBody, err := sjson.SetBytes(body, "usage.cache_read_input_tokens", cachedTokens); err == nil {
+				body = newBody
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	// 如果有模型映射，替换响应中的model字段
 	if originalModel != mappedModel {
 		body = s.replaceModelInResponseBody(body, mappedModel, originalModel)
@@ -4609,10 +4642,17 @@ func (s *GatewayService) RecordUsage(ctx context.Context, input *RecordUsageInpu
 	account := input.Account
 	subscription := input.Subscription

-	// 获取费率倍数
+	// 获取费率倍数（优先级：用户专属 > 分组默认 > 系统默认）
 	multiplier := s.cfg.Default.RateMultiplier
 	if apiKey.GroupID != nil && apiKey.Group != nil {
 		multiplier = apiKey.Group.RateMultiplier
+
+		// 检查用户专属倍率
+		if s.userGroupRateRepo != nil {
+			if userRate, err := s.userGroupRateRepo.GetByUserAndGroup(ctx, user.ID, *apiKey.GroupID); err == nil && userRate != nil {
+				multiplier = *userRate
+			}
+		}
 	}

 	var cost *CostBreakdown
@@ -4773,10 +4813,17 @@ func (s *GatewayService) RecordUsageWithLongContext(ctx context.Context, input *
 	account := input.Account
 	subscription := input.Subscription

-	// 获取费率倍数
+	// 获取费率倍数（优先级：用户专属 > 分组默认 > 系统默认）
 	multiplier := s.cfg.Default.RateMultiplier
 	if apiKey.GroupID != nil && apiKey.Group != nil {
 		multiplier = apiKey.Group.RateMultiplier
+
+		// 检查用户专属倍率
+		if s.userGroupRateRepo != nil {
+			if userRate, err := s.userGroupRateRepo.GetByUserAndGroup(ctx, user.ID, *apiKey.GroupID); err == nil && userRate != nil {
+				multiplier = *userRate
+			}
+		}
 	}

 	var cost *CostBreakdown
@@ -5289,3 +5336,21 @@ func (s *GatewayService) GetAvailableModels(ctx context.Context, groupID *int64,

 	return models
 }
+
+// reconcileCachedTokens 兼容 Kimi 等上游：
+// 将 OpenAI 风格的 cached_tokens 映射到 Claude 标准的 cache_read_input_tokens
+func reconcileCachedTokens(usage map[string]any) bool {
+	if usage == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	cacheRead, _ := usage["cache_read_input_tokens"].(float64)
+	if cacheRead > 0 {
+		return false // 已有标准字段，无需处理
+	}
+	cached, _ := usage["cached_tokens"].(float64)
+	if cached <= 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	usage["cache_read_input_tokens"] = cached
+	return true
+}
--- a/backend/internal/service/gemini_messages_compat_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/gemini_messages_compat_service.go
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex
 				Message:            upstreamMsg,
 				Detail:             upstreamDetail,
 			})
-			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
+			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode, ResponseBody: respBody}
 		}
 		if s.shouldFailoverGeminiUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
 			upstreamReqID := resp.Header.Get(requestIDHeader)
@@ -891,7 +891,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Contex
 				Message:            upstreamMsg,
 				Detail:             upstreamDetail,
 			})
-			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
+			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode, ResponseBody: respBody}
 		}
 		upstreamReqID := resp.Header.Get(requestIDHeader)
 		if upstreamReqID == "" {
@@ -1301,7 +1301,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) ForwardNative(ctx context.Context, c *gin.
 				Message:            upstreamMsg,
 				Detail:             upstreamDetail,
 			})
-			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
+			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode, ResponseBody: respBody}
 		}
 		if s.shouldFailoverGeminiUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
 			evBody := unwrapIfNeeded(isOAuth, respBody)
@@ -1325,7 +1325,7 @@ func (s *GeminiMessagesCompatService) ForwardNative(ctx context.Context, c *gin.
 				Message:            upstreamMsg,
 				Detail:             upstreamDetail,
 			})
-			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
+			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode, ResponseBody: evBody}
 		}

 		respBody = unwrapIfNeeded(isOAuth, respBody)
--- a/backend/internal/service/gemini_oauth_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/gemini_oauth_service.go
@@ -944,6 +944,32 @@ func (s *GeminiOAuthService) fetchProjectID(ctx context.Context, accessToken, pr
 		return strings.TrimSpace(loadResp.CloudAICompanionProject), tierID, nil
 	}

+	// 关键逻辑：对齐 Gemini CLI 对“已注册用户”的处理方式。
+	// 当 LoadCodeAssist 返回了 currentTier / paidTier（表示账号已注册）但没有返回 cloudaicompanionProject 时：
+	// - 不要再调用 onboardUser（通常不会再分配 project_id，且可能触发 INVALID_ARGUMENT）
+	// - 先尝试从 Cloud Resource Manager 获取可用项目；仍失败则提示用户手动填写 project_id
+	if loadResp != nil {
+		registeredTierID := strings.TrimSpace(loadResp.GetTier())
+		if registeredTierID != "" {
+			// 已注册但未返回 cloudaicompanionProject，这在 Google One 用户中较常见：需要用户自行提供 project_id。
+			log.Printf("[GeminiOAuth] User has tier (%s) but no cloudaicompanionProject, trying Cloud Resource Manager...", registeredTierID)
+
+			// Try to get project from Cloud Resource Manager
+			fallback, fbErr := fetchProjectIDFromResourceManager(ctx, accessToken, proxyURL)
+			if fbErr == nil && strings.TrimSpace(fallback) != "" {
+				log.Printf("[GeminiOAuth] Found project from Cloud Resource Manager: %s", fallback)
+				return strings.TrimSpace(fallback), tierID, nil
+			}
+
+			// No project found - user must provide project_id manually
+			log.Printf("[GeminiOAuth] No project found from Cloud Resource Manager, user must provide project_id manually")
+			return "", tierID, fmt.Errorf("user is registered (tier: %s) but no project_id available. Please provide Project ID manually in the authorization form, or create a project at https://console.cloud.google.com", registeredTierID)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 未检测到 currentTier/paidTier，视为新用户，继续调用 onboardUser
+	log.Printf("[GeminiOAuth] No currentTier/paidTier found, proceeding with onboardUser (tierID: %s)", tierID)
+
 	req := &geminicli.OnboardUserRequest{
 		TierID: tierID,
 		Metadata: geminicli.LoadCodeAssistMetadata{
--- a/backend/internal/service/openai_codex_transform.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/openai_codex_transform.go
@@ -21,6 +21,17 @@ const (
 var codexCLIInstructions string

 var codexModelMap = map[string]string{
+	"gpt-5.3":                   "gpt-5.3",
+	"gpt-5.3-none":              "gpt-5.3",
+	"gpt-5.3-low":               "gpt-5.3",
+	"gpt-5.3-medium":            "gpt-5.3",
+	"gpt-5.3-high":              "gpt-5.3",
+	"gpt-5.3-xhigh":             "gpt-5.3",
+	"gpt-5.3-codex":             "gpt-5.3-codex",
+	"gpt-5.3-codex-low":         "gpt-5.3-codex",
+	"gpt-5.3-codex-medium":      "gpt-5.3-codex",
+	"gpt-5.3-codex-high":        "gpt-5.3-codex",
+	"gpt-5.3-codex-xhigh":       "gpt-5.3-codex",
 	"gpt-5.1-codex":             "gpt-5.1-codex",
 	"gpt-5.1-codex-low":         "gpt-5.1-codex",
 	"gpt-5.1-codex-medium":      "gpt-5.1-codex",
@@ -156,6 +167,12 @@ func normalizeCodexModel(model string) string {
 	if strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt-5.2") || strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt 5.2") {
 		return "gpt-5.2"
 	}
+	if strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt-5.3-codex") || strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt 5.3 codex") {
+		return "gpt-5.3-codex"
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt-5.3") || strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt 5.3") {
+		return "gpt-5.3"
+	}
 	if strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt-5.1-codex-max") || strings.Contains(normalized, "gpt 5.1 codex max") {
 		return "gpt-5.1-codex-max"
 	}
--- a/backend/internal/service/openai_codex_transform_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/openai_codex_transform_test.go
@@ -176,6 +176,19 @@ func TestApplyCodexOAuthTransform_EmptyInput(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Len(t, input, 0)
 }

+func TestNormalizeCodexModel_Gpt53(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := map[string]string{
+		"gpt-5.3":             "gpt-5.3",
+		"gpt-5.3-codex":       "gpt-5.3-codex",
+		"gpt-5.3-codex-xhigh": "gpt-5.3-codex",
+		"gpt 5.3 codex":       "gpt-5.3-codex",
+	}
+
+	for input, expected := range cases {
+		require.Equal(t, expected, normalizeCodexModel(input))
+	}
+}
+
 func setupCodexCache(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Helper()

--- a/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service.go
@@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, acco
 			})

 			s.handleFailoverSideEffects(ctx, resp, account)
-			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
+			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode, ResponseBody: respBody}
 		}
 		return s.handleErrorResponse(ctx, resp, c, account)
 	}
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleErrorResponse(ctx context.Context, resp *ht
 		Detail:             upstreamDetail,
 	})
 	if shouldDisable {
-		return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode}
+		return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{StatusCode: resp.StatusCode, ResponseBody: body}
 	}

 	// Return appropriate error response
--- a/backend/internal/service/pricing_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/pricing_service.go
@@ -579,6 +579,7 @@ func (s *PricingService) extractBaseName(model string) string {
 func (s *PricingService) matchByModelFamily(model string) *LiteLLMModelPricing {
 	// Claude模型系列匹配规则
 	familyPatterns := map[string][]string{
+		"opus-4.6":   {"claude-opus-4.6", "claude-opus-4-6"},
 		"opus-4.5":   {"claude-opus-4.5", "claude-opus-4-5"},
 		"opus-4":     {"claude-opus-4", "claude-3-opus"},
 		"sonnet-4.5": {"claude-sonnet-4.5", "claude-sonnet-4-5"},
@@ -651,7 +652,8 @@ func (s *PricingService) matchByModelFamily(model string) *LiteLLMModelPricing {
 // 回退顺序：
 // 1. gpt-5.2-codex -> gpt-5.2（去掉后缀如 -codex, -mini, -max 等）
 // 2. gpt-5.2-20251222 -> gpt-5.2（去掉日期版本号）
-// 3. 最终回退到 DefaultTestModel (gpt-5.1-codex)
+// 3. gpt-5.3-codex -> gpt-5.2-codex
+// 4. 最终回退到 DefaultTestModel (gpt-5.1-codex)
 func (s *PricingService) matchOpenAIModel(model string) *LiteLLMModelPricing {
 	// 尝试的回退变体
 	variants := s.generateOpenAIModelVariants(model, openAIModelDatePattern)
@@ -663,6 +665,13 @@ func (s *PricingService) matchOpenAIModel(model string) *LiteLLMModelPricing {
 		}
 	}

+	if strings.HasPrefix(model, "gpt-5.3-codex") {
+		if pricing, ok := s.pricingData["gpt-5.2-codex"]; ok {
+			log.Printf("[Pricing] OpenAI fallback matched %s -> %s", model, "gpt-5.2-codex")
+			return pricing
+		}
+	}
+
 	// 最终回退到 DefaultTestModel
 	defaultModel := strings.ToLower(openai.DefaultTestModel)
 	if pricing, ok := s.pricingData[defaultModel]; ok {
--- a/backend/internal/service/user.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/user.go
@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ type User struct {
 	CreatedAt     time.Time
 	UpdatedAt     time.Time

+	// GroupRates 用户专属分组倍率配置
+	// map[groupID]rateMultiplier
+	GroupRates map[int64]float64
+
 	// TOTP 双因素认证字段
 	TotpSecretEncrypted *string    // AES-256-GCM 加密的 TOTP 密钥
 	TotpEnabled         bool       // 是否启用 TOTP
@@ -40,18 +44,20 @@ func (u *User) IsActive() bool {

 // CanBindGroup checks whether a user can bind to a given group.
 // For standard groups:
-// - If AllowedGroups is non-empty, only allow binding to IDs in that list.
-// - If AllowedGroups is empty (nil or length 0), allow binding to any non-exclusive group.
+// - Public groups (non-exclusive): all users can bind
+// - Exclusive groups: only users with the group in AllowedGroups can bind
 func (u *User) CanBindGroup(groupID int64, isExclusive bool) bool {
-	if len(u.AllowedGroups) > 0 {
-		for _, id := range u.AllowedGroups {
-			if id == groupID {
-				return true
-			}
-		}
-		return false
+	// 公开分组（非专属）：所有用户都可以绑定
+	if !isExclusive {
+		return true
 	}
-	return !isExclusive
+	// 专属分组：需要在 AllowedGroups 中
+	for _, id := range u.AllowedGroups {
+		if id == groupID {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
 }

 func (u *User) SetPassword(password string) error {
--- a/backend/internal/service/user_group_rate.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/user_group_rate.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package service
+
+import "context"
+
+// UserGroupRateRepository 用户专属分组倍率仓储接口
+// 允许管理员为特定用户设置分组的专属计费倍率，覆盖分组默认倍率
+type UserGroupRateRepository interface {
+	// GetByUserID 获取用户的所有专属分组倍率
+	// 返回 map[groupID]rateMultiplier
+	GetByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (map[int64]float64, error)
+
+	// GetByUserAndGroup 获取用户在特定分组的专属倍率
+	// 如果未设置专属倍率，返回 nil
+	GetByUserAndGroup(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) (*float64, error)
+
+	// SyncUserGroupRates 同步用户的分组专属倍率
+	// rates: map[groupID]*rateMultiplier，nil 表示删除该分组的专属倍率
+	SyncUserGroupRates(ctx context.Context, userID int64, rates map[int64]*float64) error
+
+	// DeleteByGroupID 删除指定分组的所有用户专属倍率（分组删除时调用）
+	DeleteByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) error
+
+	// DeleteByUserID 删除指定用户的所有专属倍率（用户删除时调用）
+	DeleteByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error
+}
--- a/backend/internal/service/wire.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/wire.go
@@ -274,4 +274,5 @@ var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	NewUserAttributeService,
 	NewUsageCache,
 	NewTotpService,
+	NewErrorPassthroughService,
 )