Merge branch 'main' into feat/api-key-ip-restriction

backend/cmd/server/VERSION

@@ -1 +1 @@
-0.1.1
+0.1.46

backend/cmd/server/wire_gen.go

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func initializeApplication(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) (*Application, error) {
 	emailQueueService := service.ProvideEmailQueueService(emailService)
 	authService := service.NewAuthService(userRepository, configConfig, settingService, emailService, turnstileService, emailQueueService)
 	userService := service.NewUserService(userRepository)
-	authHandler := handler.NewAuthHandler(configConfig, authService, userService)
+	authHandler := handler.NewAuthHandler(configConfig, authService, userService, settingService)
 	userHandler := handler.NewUserHandler(userService)
 	apiKeyRepository := repository.NewAPIKeyRepository(client)
 	groupRepository := repository.NewGroupRepository(client, db)

backend/internal/config/config.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
+	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
@@ -35,24 +36,25 @@ const (
 )
 
 type Config struct {
-	Server       ServerConfig       `mapstructure:"server"`
-	CORS         CORSConfig         `mapstructure:"cors"`
-	Security     SecurityConfig     `mapstructure:"security"`
-	Billing      BillingConfig      `mapstructure:"billing"`
-	Turnstile    TurnstileConfig    `mapstructure:"turnstile"`
-	Database     DatabaseConfig     `mapstructure:"database"`
-	Redis        RedisConfig        `mapstructure:"redis"`
-	JWT          JWTConfig          `mapstructure:"jwt"`
-	Default      DefaultConfig      `mapstructure:"default"`
-	RateLimit    RateLimitConfig    `mapstructure:"rate_limit"`
-	Pricing      PricingConfig      `mapstructure:"pricing"`
-	Gateway      GatewayConfig      `mapstructure:"gateway"`
-	Concurrency  ConcurrencyConfig  `mapstructure:"concurrency"`
-	TokenRefresh TokenRefreshConfig `mapstructure:"token_refresh"`
-	RunMode      string             `mapstructure:"run_mode" yaml:"run_mode"`
-	Timezone     string             `mapstructure:"timezone"` // e.g. "Asia/Shanghai", "UTC"
-	Gemini       GeminiConfig       `mapstructure:"gemini"`
-	Update       UpdateConfig       `mapstructure:"update"`
+	Server       ServerConfig         `mapstructure:"server"`
+	CORS         CORSConfig           `mapstructure:"cors"`
+	Security     SecurityConfig       `mapstructure:"security"`
+	Billing      BillingConfig        `mapstructure:"billing"`
+	Turnstile    TurnstileConfig      `mapstructure:"turnstile"`
+	Database     DatabaseConfig       `mapstructure:"database"`
+	Redis        RedisConfig          `mapstructure:"redis"`
+	JWT          JWTConfig            `mapstructure:"jwt"`
+	LinuxDo      LinuxDoConnectConfig `mapstructure:"linuxdo_connect"`
+	Default      DefaultConfig        `mapstructure:"default"`
+	RateLimit    RateLimitConfig      `mapstructure:"rate_limit"`
+	Pricing      PricingConfig        `mapstructure:"pricing"`
+	Gateway      GatewayConfig        `mapstructure:"gateway"`
+	Concurrency  ConcurrencyConfig    `mapstructure:"concurrency"`
+	TokenRefresh TokenRefreshConfig   `mapstructure:"token_refresh"`
+	RunMode      string               `mapstructure:"run_mode" yaml:"run_mode"`
+	Timezone     string               `mapstructure:"timezone"` // e.g. "Asia/Shanghai", "UTC"
+	Gemini       GeminiConfig         `mapstructure:"gemini"`
+	Update       UpdateConfig         `mapstructure:"update"`
 }
 
 // UpdateConfig 在线更新相关配置
@@ -322,6 +324,30 @@ type TurnstileConfig struct {
 	Required bool `mapstructure:"required"`
 }
 
+// LinuxDoConnectConfig 用于 LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录（终端用户 SSO）。
+//
+// 注意：这与上游账号的 OAuth（例如 OpenAI/Gemini 账号接入）不是一回事。
+// 这里是用于登录 Sub2API 本身的用户体系。
+type LinuxDoConnectConfig struct {
+	Enabled             bool   `mapstructure:"enabled"`
+	ClientID            string `mapstructure:"client_id"`
+	ClientSecret        string `mapstructure:"client_secret"`
+	AuthorizeURL        string `mapstructure:"authorize_url"`
+	TokenURL            string `mapstructure:"token_url"`
+	UserInfoURL         string `mapstructure:"userinfo_url"`
+	Scopes              string `mapstructure:"scopes"`
+	RedirectURL         string `mapstructure:"redirect_url"`          // 后端回调地址（需在提供方后台登记）
+	FrontendRedirectURL string `mapstructure:"frontend_redirect_url"` // 前端接收 token 的路由（默认：/auth/linuxdo/callback）
+	TokenAuthMethod     string `mapstructure:"token_auth_method"`     // client_secret_post / client_secret_basic / none
+	UsePKCE             bool   `mapstructure:"use_pkce"`
+
+	// 可选：用于从 userinfo JSON 中提取字段的 gjson 路径。
+	// 为空时，服务端会尝试一组常见字段名。
+	UserInfoEmailPath    string `mapstructure:"userinfo_email_path"`
+	UserInfoIDPath       string `mapstructure:"userinfo_id_path"`
+	UserInfoUsernamePath string `mapstructure:"userinfo_username_path"`
+}
+
 type DefaultConfig struct {
 	AdminEmail      string  `mapstructure:"admin_email"`
 	AdminPassword   string  `mapstructure:"admin_password"`
@@ -388,6 +414,18 @@ func Load() (*Config, error) {
 		cfg.Server.Mode = "debug"
 	}
 	cfg.JWT.Secret = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.JWT.Secret)
+	cfg.LinuxDo.ClientID = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.ClientID)
+	cfg.LinuxDo.ClientSecret = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.ClientSecret)
+	cfg.LinuxDo.AuthorizeURL = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.AuthorizeURL)
+	cfg.LinuxDo.TokenURL = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.TokenURL)
+	cfg.LinuxDo.UserInfoURL = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.UserInfoURL)
+	cfg.LinuxDo.Scopes = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.Scopes)
+	cfg.LinuxDo.RedirectURL = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.RedirectURL)
+	cfg.LinuxDo.FrontendRedirectURL = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.FrontendRedirectURL)
+	cfg.LinuxDo.TokenAuthMethod = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.TokenAuthMethod))
+	cfg.LinuxDo.UserInfoEmailPath = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.UserInfoEmailPath)
+	cfg.LinuxDo.UserInfoIDPath = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.UserInfoIDPath)
+	cfg.LinuxDo.UserInfoUsernamePath = strings.TrimSpace(cfg.LinuxDo.UserInfoUsernamePath)
 	cfg.CORS.AllowedOrigins = normalizeStringSlice(cfg.CORS.AllowedOrigins)
 	cfg.Security.ResponseHeaders.AdditionalAllowed = normalizeStringSlice(cfg.Security.ResponseHeaders.AdditionalAllowed)
 	cfg.Security.ResponseHeaders.ForceRemove = normalizeStringSlice(cfg.Security.ResponseHeaders.ForceRemove)
@@ -426,6 +464,81 @@ func Load() (*Config, error) {
 	return &cfg, nil
 }
 
+// ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL 校验一个绝对 http(s) URL（禁止 fragment）。
+func ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL(raw string) error {
+	raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
+	if raw == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("empty url")
+	}
+	u, err := url.Parse(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !u.IsAbs() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("must be absolute")
+	}
+	if !isHTTPScheme(u.Scheme) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported scheme: %s", u.Scheme)
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(u.Host) == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("missing host")
+	}
+	if u.Fragment != "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("must not include fragment")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ValidateFrontendRedirectURL 校验前端回调地址：
+// - 允许同源相对路径（以 / 开头）
+// - 或绝对 http(s) URL（禁止 fragment）
+func ValidateFrontendRedirectURL(raw string) error {
+	raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
+	if raw == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("empty url")
+	}
+	if strings.ContainsAny(raw, "\r\n") {
+		return fmt.Errorf("contains invalid characters")
+	}
+	if strings.HasPrefix(raw, "/") {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(raw, "//") {
+			return fmt.Errorf("must not start with //")
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	u, err := url.Parse(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !u.IsAbs() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("must be absolute http(s) url or relative path")
+	}
+	if !isHTTPScheme(u.Scheme) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported scheme: %s", u.Scheme)
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(u.Host) == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("missing host")
+	}
+	if u.Fragment != "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("must not include fragment")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func isHTTPScheme(scheme string) bool {
+	return strings.EqualFold(scheme, "http") || strings.EqualFold(scheme, "https")
+}
+
+func warnIfInsecureURL(field, raw string) {
+	u, err := url.Parse(strings.TrimSpace(raw))
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if strings.EqualFold(u.Scheme, "http") {
+		log.Printf("Warning: %s uses http scheme; use https in production to avoid token leakage.", field)
+	}
+}
+
 func setDefaults() {
 	viper.SetDefault("run_mode", RunModeStandard)
 
@@ -475,6 +588,22 @@ func setDefaults() {
 	// Turnstile
 	viper.SetDefault("turnstile.required", false)
 
+	// LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录（终端用户 SSO）
+	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.enabled", false)
+	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.client_id", "")
+	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.client_secret", "")
+	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.authorize_url", "https://connect.linux.do/oauth2/authorize")
+	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.token_url", "https://connect.linux.do/oauth2/token")
+	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.userinfo_url", "https://connect.linux.do/api/user")
+	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.scopes", "user")
+	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.redirect_url", "")
+	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.frontend_redirect_url", "/auth/linuxdo/callback")
+	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.token_auth_method", "client_secret_post")
+	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.use_pkce", false)
+	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.userinfo_email_path", "")
+	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.userinfo_id_path", "")
+	viper.SetDefault("linuxdo_connect.userinfo_username_path", "")
+
 	// Database
 	viper.SetDefault("database.host", "localhost")
 	viper.SetDefault("database.port", 5432)
@@ -586,6 +715,60 @@ func (c *Config) Validate() error {
 	if c.Security.CSP.Enabled && strings.TrimSpace(c.Security.CSP.Policy) == "" {
 		return fmt.Errorf("security.csp.policy is required when CSP is enabled")
 	}
+	if c.LinuxDo.Enabled {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(c.LinuxDo.ClientID) == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.client_id is required when linuxdo_connect.enabled=true")
+		}
+		if strings.TrimSpace(c.LinuxDo.AuthorizeURL) == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.authorize_url is required when linuxdo_connect.enabled=true")
+		}
+		if strings.TrimSpace(c.LinuxDo.TokenURL) == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.token_url is required when linuxdo_connect.enabled=true")
+		}
+		if strings.TrimSpace(c.LinuxDo.UserInfoURL) == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.userinfo_url is required when linuxdo_connect.enabled=true")
+		}
+		if strings.TrimSpace(c.LinuxDo.RedirectURL) == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.redirect_url is required when linuxdo_connect.enabled=true")
+		}
+		method := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(c.LinuxDo.TokenAuthMethod))
+		switch method {
+		case "", "client_secret_post", "client_secret_basic", "none":
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.token_auth_method must be one of: client_secret_post/client_secret_basic/none")
+		}
+		if method == "none" && !c.LinuxDo.UsePKCE {
+			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.use_pkce must be true when linuxdo_connect.token_auth_method=none")
+		}
+		if (method == "" || method == "client_secret_post" || method == "client_secret_basic") && strings.TrimSpace(c.LinuxDo.ClientSecret) == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.client_secret is required when linuxdo_connect.enabled=true and token_auth_method is client_secret_post/client_secret_basic")
+		}
+		if strings.TrimSpace(c.LinuxDo.FrontendRedirectURL) == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.frontend_redirect_url is required when linuxdo_connect.enabled=true")
+		}
+
+		if err := ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL(c.LinuxDo.AuthorizeURL); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.authorize_url invalid: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err := ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL(c.LinuxDo.TokenURL); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.token_url invalid: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err := ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL(c.LinuxDo.UserInfoURL); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.userinfo_url invalid: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err := ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL(c.LinuxDo.RedirectURL); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.redirect_url invalid: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err := ValidateFrontendRedirectURL(c.LinuxDo.FrontendRedirectURL); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("linuxdo_connect.frontend_redirect_url invalid: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		warnIfInsecureURL("linuxdo_connect.authorize_url", c.LinuxDo.AuthorizeURL)
+		warnIfInsecureURL("linuxdo_connect.token_url", c.LinuxDo.TokenURL)
+		warnIfInsecureURL("linuxdo_connect.userinfo_url", c.LinuxDo.UserInfoURL)
+		warnIfInsecureURL("linuxdo_connect.redirect_url", c.LinuxDo.RedirectURL)
+		warnIfInsecureURL("linuxdo_connect.frontend_redirect_url", c.LinuxDo.FrontendRedirectURL)
+	}
 	if c.Billing.CircuitBreaker.Enabled {
 		if c.Billing.CircuitBreaker.FailureThreshold <= 0 {
 			return fmt.Errorf("billing.circuit_breaker.failure_threshold must be positive")

backend/internal/config/config_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package config
 
 import (
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -90,3 +91,53 @@ func TestLoadDefaultSecurityToggles(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("ResponseHeaders.Enabled = true, want false")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestValidateLinuxDoFrontendRedirectURL(t *testing.T) {
+	viper.Reset()
+
+	cfg, err := Load()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Load() error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cfg.LinuxDo.Enabled = true
+	cfg.LinuxDo.ClientID = "test-client"
+	cfg.LinuxDo.ClientSecret = "test-secret"
+	cfg.LinuxDo.RedirectURL = "https://example.com/api/v1/auth/oauth/linuxdo/callback"
+	cfg.LinuxDo.TokenAuthMethod = "client_secret_post"
+	cfg.LinuxDo.UsePKCE = false
+
+	cfg.LinuxDo.FrontendRedirectURL = "javascript:alert(1)"
+	err = cfg.Validate()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate() expected error for javascript scheme, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "linuxdo_connect.frontend_redirect_url") {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate() expected frontend_redirect_url error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateLinuxDoPKCERequiredForPublicClient(t *testing.T) {
+	viper.Reset()
+
+	cfg, err := Load()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Load() error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cfg.LinuxDo.Enabled = true
+	cfg.LinuxDo.ClientID = "test-client"
+	cfg.LinuxDo.ClientSecret = ""
+	cfg.LinuxDo.RedirectURL = "https://example.com/api/v1/auth/oauth/linuxdo/callback"
+	cfg.LinuxDo.FrontendRedirectURL = "/auth/linuxdo/callback"
+	cfg.LinuxDo.TokenAuthMethod = "none"
+	cfg.LinuxDo.UsePKCE = false
+
+	err = cfg.Validate()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate() expected error when token_auth_method=none and use_pkce=false, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "linuxdo_connect.use_pkce") {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate() expected use_pkce error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}

backend/internal/handler/admin/account_handler.go

@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ type BulkUpdateAccountsRequest struct {
 	Concurrency             *int           `json:"concurrency"`
 	Priority                *int           `json:"priority"`
 	Status                  string         `json:"status" binding:"omitempty,oneof=active inactive error"`
+	Schedulable             *bool          `json:"schedulable"`
 	GroupIDs                *[]int64       `json:"group_ids"`
 	Credentials             map[string]any `json:"credentials"`
 	Extra                   map[string]any `json:"extra"`
@@ -136,6 +137,11 @@ func (h *AccountHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
 	accountType := c.Query("type")
 	status := c.Query("status")
 	search := c.Query("search")
+	// 标准化和验证 search 参数
+	search = strings.TrimSpace(search)
+	if len(search) > 100 {
+		search = search[:100]
+	}
 
 	accounts, total, err := h.adminService.ListAccounts(c.Request.Context(), page, pageSize, platform, accountType, status, search)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -655,6 +661,7 @@ func (h *AccountHandler) BulkUpdate(c *gin.Context) {
 		req.Concurrency != nil ||
 		req.Priority != nil ||
 		req.Status != "" ||
+		req.Schedulable != nil ||
 		req.GroupIDs != nil ||
 		len(req.Credentials) > 0 ||
 		len(req.Extra) > 0
@@ -671,6 +678,7 @@ func (h *AccountHandler) BulkUpdate(c *gin.Context) {
 		Concurrency:           req.Concurrency,
 		Priority:              req.Priority,
 		Status:                req.Status,
+		Schedulable:           req.Schedulable,
 		GroupIDs:              req.GroupIDs,
 		Credentials:           req.Credentials,
 		Extra:                 req.Extra,

backend/internal/handler/admin/group_handler.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package admin
 
 import (
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/handler/dto"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
@@ -67,6 +68,12 @@ func (h *GroupHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
 	page, pageSize := response.ParsePagination(c)
 	platform := c.Query("platform")
 	status := c.Query("status")
+	search := c.Query("search")
+	// 标准化和验证 search 参数
+	search = strings.TrimSpace(search)
+	if len(search) > 100 {
+		search = search[:100]
+	}
 	isExclusiveStr := c.Query("is_exclusive")
 
 	var isExclusive *bool
@@ -75,7 +82,7 @@ func (h *GroupHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
 		isExclusive = &val
 	}
 
-	groups, total, err := h.adminService.ListGroups(c.Request.Context(), page, pageSize, platform, status, isExclusive)
+	groups, total, err := h.adminService.ListGroups(c.Request.Context(), page, pageSize, platform, status, search, isExclusive)
 	if err != nil {
 		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
 		return

backend/internal/handler/admin/proxy_handler.go

@@ -51,6 +51,11 @@ func (h *ProxyHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
 	protocol := c.Query("protocol")
 	status := c.Query("status")
 	search := c.Query("search")
+	// 标准化和验证 search 参数
+	search = strings.TrimSpace(search)
+	if len(search) > 100 {
+		search = search[:100]
+	}
 
 	proxies, total, err := h.adminService.ListProxiesWithAccountCount(c.Request.Context(), page, pageSize, protocol, status, search)
 	if err != nil {

backend/internal/handler/admin/redeem_handler.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/csv"
 	"fmt"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/handler/dto"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
@@ -41,6 +42,11 @@ func (h *RedeemHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
 	codeType := c.Query("type")
 	status := c.Query("status")
 	search := c.Query("search")
+	// 标准化和验证 search 参数
+	search = strings.TrimSpace(search)
+	if len(search) > 100 {
+		search = search[:100]
+	}
 
 	codes, total, err := h.adminService.ListRedeemCodes(c.Request.Context(), page, pageSize, codeType, status, search)
 	if err != nil {

backend/internal/handler/admin/setting_handler.go

@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ package admin
 
 import (
 	"log"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/handler/dto"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/server/middleware"
@@ -38,33 +40,37 @@ func (h *SettingHandler) GetSettings(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	response.Success(c, dto.SystemSettings{
-		RegistrationEnabled:          settings.RegistrationEnabled,
-		EmailVerifyEnabled:           settings.EmailVerifyEnabled,
-		SMTPHost:                     settings.SMTPHost,
-		SMTPPort:                     settings.SMTPPort,
-		SMTPUsername:                 settings.SMTPUsername,
-		SMTPPasswordConfigured:       settings.SMTPPasswordConfigured,
-		SMTPFrom:                     settings.SMTPFrom,
-		SMTPFromName:                 settings.SMTPFromName,
-		SMTPUseTLS:                   settings.SMTPUseTLS,
-		TurnstileEnabled:             settings.TurnstileEnabled,
-		TurnstileSiteKey:             settings.TurnstileSiteKey,
-		TurnstileSecretKeyConfigured: settings.TurnstileSecretKeyConfigured,
-		SiteName:                     settings.SiteName,
-		SiteLogo:                     settings.SiteLogo,
-		SiteSubtitle:                 settings.SiteSubtitle,
-		APIBaseURL:                   settings.APIBaseURL,
-		ContactInfo:                  settings.ContactInfo,
-		DocURL:                       settings.DocURL,
-		DefaultConcurrency:           settings.DefaultConcurrency,
-		DefaultBalance:               settings.DefaultBalance,
-		EnableModelFallback:          settings.EnableModelFallback,
-		FallbackModelAnthropic:       settings.FallbackModelAnthropic,
-		FallbackModelOpenAI:          settings.FallbackModelOpenAI,
-		FallbackModelGemini:          settings.FallbackModelGemini,
-		FallbackModelAntigravity:     settings.FallbackModelAntigravity,
-		EnableIdentityPatch:          settings.EnableIdentityPatch,
-		IdentityPatchPrompt:          settings.IdentityPatchPrompt,
+		RegistrationEnabled:                  settings.RegistrationEnabled,
+		EmailVerifyEnabled:                   settings.EmailVerifyEnabled,
+		SMTPHost:                             settings.SMTPHost,
+		SMTPPort:                             settings.SMTPPort,
+		SMTPUsername:                         settings.SMTPUsername,
+		SMTPPasswordConfigured:               settings.SMTPPasswordConfigured,
+		SMTPFrom:                             settings.SMTPFrom,
+		SMTPFromName:                         settings.SMTPFromName,
+		SMTPUseTLS:                           settings.SMTPUseTLS,
+		TurnstileEnabled:                     settings.TurnstileEnabled,
+		TurnstileSiteKey:                     settings.TurnstileSiteKey,
+		TurnstileSecretKeyConfigured:         settings.TurnstileSecretKeyConfigured,
+		LinuxDoConnectEnabled:                settings.LinuxDoConnectEnabled,
+		LinuxDoConnectClientID:               settings.LinuxDoConnectClientID,
+		LinuxDoConnectClientSecretConfigured: settings.LinuxDoConnectClientSecretConfigured,
+		LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL:            settings.LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL,
+		SiteName:                             settings.SiteName,
+		SiteLogo:                             settings.SiteLogo,
+		SiteSubtitle:                         settings.SiteSubtitle,
+		APIBaseURL:                           settings.APIBaseURL,
+		ContactInfo:                          settings.ContactInfo,
+		DocURL:                               settings.DocURL,
+		DefaultConcurrency:                   settings.DefaultConcurrency,
+		DefaultBalance:                       settings.DefaultBalance,
+		EnableModelFallback:                  settings.EnableModelFallback,
+		FallbackModelAnthropic:               settings.FallbackModelAnthropic,
+		FallbackModelOpenAI:                  settings.FallbackModelOpenAI,
+		FallbackModelGemini:                  settings.FallbackModelGemini,
+		FallbackModelAntigravity:             settings.FallbackModelAntigravity,
+		EnableIdentityPatch:                  settings.EnableIdentityPatch,
+		IdentityPatchPrompt:                  settings.IdentityPatchPrompt,
 	})
 }
 
@@ -88,6 +94,12 @@ type UpdateSettingsRequest struct {
 	TurnstileSiteKey   string `json:"turnstile_site_key"`
 	TurnstileSecretKey string `json:"turnstile_secret_key"`
 
+	// LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录（终端用户 SSO）
+	LinuxDoConnectEnabled      bool   `json:"linuxdo_connect_enabled"`
+	LinuxDoConnectClientID     string `json:"linuxdo_connect_client_id"`
+	LinuxDoConnectClientSecret string `json:"linuxdo_connect_client_secret"`
+	LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL  string `json:"linuxdo_connect_redirect_url"`
+
 	// OEM设置
 	SiteName     string `json:"site_name"`
 	SiteLogo     string `json:"site_logo"`
@@ -165,34 +177,67 @@ func (h *SettingHandler) UpdateSettings(c *gin.Context) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// LinuxDo Connect 参数验证
+	if req.LinuxDoConnectEnabled {
+		req.LinuxDoConnectClientID = strings.TrimSpace(req.LinuxDoConnectClientID)
+		req.LinuxDoConnectClientSecret = strings.TrimSpace(req.LinuxDoConnectClientSecret)
+		req.LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL = strings.TrimSpace(req.LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL)
+
+		if req.LinuxDoConnectClientID == "" {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "LinuxDo Client ID is required when enabled")
+			return
+		}
+		if req.LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL == "" {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "LinuxDo Redirect URL is required when enabled")
+			return
+		}
+		if err := config.ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL(req.LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL); err != nil {
+			response.BadRequest(c, "LinuxDo Redirect URL must be an absolute http(s) URL")
+			return
+		}
+
+		// 如果未提供 client_secret，则保留现有值（如有）。
+		if req.LinuxDoConnectClientSecret == "" {
+			if previousSettings.LinuxDoConnectClientSecret == "" {
+				response.BadRequest(c, "LinuxDo Client Secret is required when enabled")
+				return
+			}
+			req.LinuxDoConnectClientSecret = previousSettings.LinuxDoConnectClientSecret
+		}
+	}
+
 	settings := &service.SystemSettings{
-		RegistrationEnabled:      req.RegistrationEnabled,
-		EmailVerifyEnabled:       req.EmailVerifyEnabled,
-		SMTPHost:                 req.SMTPHost,
-		SMTPPort:                 req.SMTPPort,
-		SMTPUsername:             req.SMTPUsername,
-		SMTPPassword:             req.SMTPPassword,
-		SMTPFrom:                 req.SMTPFrom,
-		SMTPFromName:             req.SMTPFromName,
-		SMTPUseTLS:               req.SMTPUseTLS,
-		TurnstileEnabled:         req.TurnstileEnabled,
-		TurnstileSiteKey:         req.TurnstileSiteKey,
-		TurnstileSecretKey:       req.TurnstileSecretKey,
-		SiteName:                 req.SiteName,
-		SiteLogo:                 req.SiteLogo,
-		SiteSubtitle:             req.SiteSubtitle,
-		APIBaseURL:               req.APIBaseURL,
-		ContactInfo:              req.ContactInfo,
-		DocURL:                   req.DocURL,
-		DefaultConcurrency:       req.DefaultConcurrency,
-		DefaultBalance:           req.DefaultBalance,
-		EnableModelFallback:      req.EnableModelFallback,
-		FallbackModelAnthropic:   req.FallbackModelAnthropic,
-		FallbackModelOpenAI:      req.FallbackModelOpenAI,
-		FallbackModelGemini:      req.FallbackModelGemini,
-		FallbackModelAntigravity: req.FallbackModelAntigravity,
-		EnableIdentityPatch:      req.EnableIdentityPatch,
-		IdentityPatchPrompt:      req.IdentityPatchPrompt,
+		RegistrationEnabled:        req.RegistrationEnabled,
+		EmailVerifyEnabled:         req.EmailVerifyEnabled,
+		SMTPHost:                   req.SMTPHost,
+		SMTPPort:                   req.SMTPPort,
+		SMTPUsername:               req.SMTPUsername,
+		SMTPPassword:               req.SMTPPassword,
+		SMTPFrom:                   req.SMTPFrom,
+		SMTPFromName:               req.SMTPFromName,
+		SMTPUseTLS:                 req.SMTPUseTLS,
+		TurnstileEnabled:           req.TurnstileEnabled,
+		TurnstileSiteKey:           req.TurnstileSiteKey,
+		TurnstileSecretKey:         req.TurnstileSecretKey,
+		LinuxDoConnectEnabled:      req.LinuxDoConnectEnabled,
+		LinuxDoConnectClientID:     req.LinuxDoConnectClientID,
+		LinuxDoConnectClientSecret: req.LinuxDoConnectClientSecret,
+		LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL:  req.LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL,
+		SiteName:                   req.SiteName,
+		SiteLogo:                   req.SiteLogo,
+		SiteSubtitle:               req.SiteSubtitle,
+		APIBaseURL:                 req.APIBaseURL,
+		ContactInfo:                req.ContactInfo,
+		DocURL:                     req.DocURL,
+		DefaultConcurrency:         req.DefaultConcurrency,
+		DefaultBalance:             req.DefaultBalance,
+		EnableModelFallback:        req.EnableModelFallback,
+		FallbackModelAnthropic:     req.FallbackModelAnthropic,
+		FallbackModelOpenAI:        req.FallbackModelOpenAI,
+		FallbackModelGemini:        req.FallbackModelGemini,
+		FallbackModelAntigravity:   req.FallbackModelAntigravity,
+		EnableIdentityPatch:        req.EnableIdentityPatch,
+		IdentityPatchPrompt:        req.IdentityPatchPrompt,
 	}
 
 	if err := h.settingService.UpdateSettings(c.Request.Context(), settings); err != nil {
@@ -210,33 +255,37 @@ func (h *SettingHandler) UpdateSettings(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	response.Success(c, dto.SystemSettings{
-		RegistrationEnabled:          updatedSettings.RegistrationEnabled,
-		EmailVerifyEnabled:           updatedSettings.EmailVerifyEnabled,
-		SMTPHost:                     updatedSettings.SMTPHost,
-		SMTPPort:                     updatedSettings.SMTPPort,
-		SMTPUsername:                 updatedSettings.SMTPUsername,
-		SMTPPasswordConfigured:       updatedSettings.SMTPPasswordConfigured,
-		SMTPFrom:                     updatedSettings.SMTPFrom,
-		SMTPFromName:                 updatedSettings.SMTPFromName,
-		SMTPUseTLS:                   updatedSettings.SMTPUseTLS,
-		TurnstileEnabled:             updatedSettings.TurnstileEnabled,
-		TurnstileSiteKey:             updatedSettings.TurnstileSiteKey,
-		TurnstileSecretKeyConfigured: updatedSettings.TurnstileSecretKeyConfigured,
-		SiteName:                     updatedSettings.SiteName,
-		SiteLogo:                     updatedSettings.SiteLogo,
-		SiteSubtitle:                 updatedSettings.SiteSubtitle,
-		APIBaseURL:                   updatedSettings.APIBaseURL,
-		ContactInfo:                  updatedSettings.ContactInfo,
-		DocURL:                       updatedSettings.DocURL,
-		DefaultConcurrency:           updatedSettings.DefaultConcurrency,
-		DefaultBalance:               updatedSettings.DefaultBalance,
-		EnableModelFallback:          updatedSettings.EnableModelFallback,
-		FallbackModelAnthropic:       updatedSettings.FallbackModelAnthropic,
-		FallbackModelOpenAI:          updatedSettings.FallbackModelOpenAI,
-		FallbackModelGemini:          updatedSettings.FallbackModelGemini,
-		FallbackModelAntigravity:     updatedSettings.FallbackModelAntigravity,
-		EnableIdentityPatch:          updatedSettings.EnableIdentityPatch,
-		IdentityPatchPrompt:          updatedSettings.IdentityPatchPrompt,
+		RegistrationEnabled:                  updatedSettings.RegistrationEnabled,
+		EmailVerifyEnabled:                   updatedSettings.EmailVerifyEnabled,
+		SMTPHost:                             updatedSettings.SMTPHost,
+		SMTPPort:                             updatedSettings.SMTPPort,
+		SMTPUsername:                         updatedSettings.SMTPUsername,
+		SMTPPasswordConfigured:               updatedSettings.SMTPPasswordConfigured,
+		SMTPFrom:                             updatedSettings.SMTPFrom,
+		SMTPFromName:                         updatedSettings.SMTPFromName,
+		SMTPUseTLS:                           updatedSettings.SMTPUseTLS,
+		TurnstileEnabled:                     updatedSettings.TurnstileEnabled,
+		TurnstileSiteKey:                     updatedSettings.TurnstileSiteKey,
+		TurnstileSecretKeyConfigured:         updatedSettings.TurnstileSecretKeyConfigured,
+		LinuxDoConnectEnabled:                updatedSettings.LinuxDoConnectEnabled,
+		LinuxDoConnectClientID:               updatedSettings.LinuxDoConnectClientID,
+		LinuxDoConnectClientSecretConfigured: updatedSettings.LinuxDoConnectClientSecretConfigured,
+		LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL:            updatedSettings.LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL,
+		SiteName:                             updatedSettings.SiteName,
+		SiteLogo:                             updatedSettings.SiteLogo,
+		SiteSubtitle:                         updatedSettings.SiteSubtitle,
+		APIBaseURL:                           updatedSettings.APIBaseURL,
+		ContactInfo:                          updatedSettings.ContactInfo,
+		DocURL:                               updatedSettings.DocURL,
+		DefaultConcurrency:                   updatedSettings.DefaultConcurrency,
+		DefaultBalance:                       updatedSettings.DefaultBalance,
+		EnableModelFallback:                  updatedSettings.EnableModelFallback,
+		FallbackModelAnthropic:               updatedSettings.FallbackModelAnthropic,
+		FallbackModelOpenAI:                  updatedSettings.FallbackModelOpenAI,
+		FallbackModelGemini:                  updatedSettings.FallbackModelGemini,
+		FallbackModelAntigravity:             updatedSettings.FallbackModelAntigravity,
+		EnableIdentityPatch:                  updatedSettings.EnableIdentityPatch,
+		IdentityPatchPrompt:                  updatedSettings.IdentityPatchPrompt,
 	})
 }
 
@@ -298,6 +347,18 @@ func diffSettings(before *service.SystemSettings, after *service.SystemSettings,
 	if req.TurnstileSecretKey != "" {
 		changed = append(changed, "turnstile_secret_key")
 	}
+	if before.LinuxDoConnectEnabled != after.LinuxDoConnectEnabled {
+		changed = append(changed, "linuxdo_connect_enabled")
+	}
+	if before.LinuxDoConnectClientID != after.LinuxDoConnectClientID {
+		changed = append(changed, "linuxdo_connect_client_id")
+	}
+	if req.LinuxDoConnectClientSecret != "" {
+		changed = append(changed, "linuxdo_connect_client_secret")
+	}
+	if before.LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL != after.LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL {
+		changed = append(changed, "linuxdo_connect_redirect_url")
+	}
 	if before.SiteName != after.SiteName {
 		changed = append(changed, "site_name")
 	}
@@ -337,6 +398,12 @@ func diffSettings(before *service.SystemSettings, after *service.SystemSettings,
 	if before.FallbackModelAntigravity != after.FallbackModelAntigravity {
 		changed = append(changed, "fallback_model_antigravity")
 	}
+	if before.EnableIdentityPatch != after.EnableIdentityPatch {
+		changed = append(changed, "enable_identity_patch")
+	}
+	if before.IdentityPatchPrompt != after.IdentityPatchPrompt {
+		changed = append(changed, "identity_patch_prompt")
+	}
 	return changed
 }
 

backend/internal/handler/admin/user_handler.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package admin
 
 import (
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/handler/dto"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
@@ -63,10 +64,17 @@ type UpdateBalanceRequest struct {
 func (h *UserHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
 	page, pageSize := response.ParsePagination(c)
 
+	search := c.Query("search")
+	// 标准化和验证 search 参数
+	search = strings.TrimSpace(search)
+	if len(search) > 100 {
+		search = search[:100]
+	}
+
 	filters := service.UserListFilters{
 		Status:     c.Query("status"),
 		Role:       c.Query("role"),
-		Search:     c.Query("search"),
+		Search:     search,
 		Attributes: parseAttributeFilters(c),
 	}
 

backend/internal/handler/auth_handler.go

@@ -15,14 +15,16 @@ type AuthHandler struct {
 	cfg         *config.Config
 	authService *service.AuthService
 	userService *service.UserService
+	settingSvc  *service.SettingService
 }
 
 // NewAuthHandler creates a new AuthHandler
-func NewAuthHandler(cfg *config.Config, authService *service.AuthService, userService *service.UserService) *AuthHandler {
+func NewAuthHandler(cfg *config.Config, authService *service.AuthService, userService *service.UserService, settingService *service.SettingService) *AuthHandler {
 	return &AuthHandler{
 		cfg:         cfg,
 		authService: authService,
 		userService: userService,
+		settingSvc:  settingService,
 	}
 }
 

backend/internal/handler/auth_linuxdo_oauth.go

@@ -0,0 +1,679 @@
+package handler
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	infraerrors "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/oauth"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/imroc/req/v3"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+const (
+	linuxDoOAuthCookiePath        = "/api/v1/auth/oauth/linuxdo"
+	linuxDoOAuthStateCookieName   = "linuxdo_oauth_state"
+	linuxDoOAuthVerifierCookie    = "linuxdo_oauth_verifier"
+	linuxDoOAuthRedirectCookie    = "linuxdo_oauth_redirect"
+	linuxDoOAuthCookieMaxAgeSec   = 10 * 60 // 10 minutes
+	linuxDoOAuthDefaultRedirectTo = "/dashboard"
+	linuxDoOAuthDefaultFrontendCB = "/auth/linuxdo/callback"
+
+	linuxDoOAuthMaxRedirectLen      = 2048
+	linuxDoOAuthMaxFragmentValueLen = 512
+	linuxDoOAuthMaxSubjectLen       = 64 - len("linuxdo-")
+)
+
+type linuxDoTokenResponse struct {
+	AccessToken  string `json:"access_token"`
+	TokenType    string `json:"token_type"`
+	ExpiresIn    int64  `json:"expires_in"`
+	RefreshToken string `json:"refresh_token,omitempty"`
+	Scope        string `json:"scope,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type linuxDoTokenExchangeError struct {
+	StatusCode          int
+	ProviderError       string
+	ProviderDescription string
+	Body                string
+}
+
+func (e *linuxDoTokenExchangeError) Error() string {
+	if e == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	parts := []string{fmt.Sprintf("token exchange status=%d", e.StatusCode)}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(e.ProviderError) != "" {
+		parts = append(parts, "error="+strings.TrimSpace(e.ProviderError))
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(e.ProviderDescription) != "" {
+		parts = append(parts, "error_description="+strings.TrimSpace(e.ProviderDescription))
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, " ")
+}
+
+// LinuxDoOAuthStart 启动 LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录流程。
+// GET /api/v1/auth/oauth/linuxdo/start?redirect=/dashboard
+func (h *AuthHandler) LinuxDoOAuthStart(c *gin.Context) {
+	cfg, err := h.getLinuxDoOAuthConfig(c.Request.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	state, err := oauth.GenerateState()
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_STATE_GEN_FAILED", "failed to generate oauth state").WithCause(err))
+		return
+	}
+
+	redirectTo := sanitizeFrontendRedirectPath(c.Query("redirect"))
+	if redirectTo == "" {
+		redirectTo = linuxDoOAuthDefaultRedirectTo
+	}
+
+	secureCookie := isRequestHTTPS(c)
+	setCookie(c, linuxDoOAuthStateCookieName, encodeCookieValue(state), linuxDoOAuthCookieMaxAgeSec, secureCookie)
+	setCookie(c, linuxDoOAuthRedirectCookie, encodeCookieValue(redirectTo), linuxDoOAuthCookieMaxAgeSec, secureCookie)
+
+	codeChallenge := ""
+	if cfg.UsePKCE {
+		verifier, err := oauth.GenerateCodeVerifier()
+		if err != nil {
+			response.ErrorFrom(c, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_PKCE_GEN_FAILED", "failed to generate pkce verifier").WithCause(err))
+			return
+		}
+		codeChallenge = oauth.GenerateCodeChallenge(verifier)
+		setCookie(c, linuxDoOAuthVerifierCookie, encodeCookieValue(verifier), linuxDoOAuthCookieMaxAgeSec, secureCookie)
+	}
+
+	redirectURI := strings.TrimSpace(cfg.RedirectURL)
+	if redirectURI == "" {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth redirect url not configured"))
+		return
+	}
+
+	authURL, err := buildLinuxDoAuthorizeURL(cfg, state, codeChallenge, redirectURI)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_BUILD_URL_FAILED", "failed to build oauth authorization url").WithCause(err))
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, authURL)
+}
+
+// LinuxDoOAuthCallback 处理 OAuth 回调：创建/登录用户，然后重定向到前端。
+// GET /api/v1/auth/oauth/linuxdo/callback?code=...&state=...
+func (h *AuthHandler) LinuxDoOAuthCallback(c *gin.Context) {
+	cfg, cfgErr := h.getLinuxDoOAuthConfig(c.Request.Context())
+	if cfgErr != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, cfgErr)
+		return
+	}
+
+	frontendCallback := strings.TrimSpace(cfg.FrontendRedirectURL)
+	if frontendCallback == "" {
+		frontendCallback = linuxDoOAuthDefaultFrontendCB
+	}
+
+	if providerErr := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("error")); providerErr != "" {
+		redirectOAuthError(c, frontendCallback, "provider_error", providerErr, c.Query("error_description"))
+		return
+	}
+
+	code := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("code"))
+	state := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("state"))
+	if code == "" || state == "" {
+		redirectOAuthError(c, frontendCallback, "missing_params", "missing code/state", "")
+		return
+	}
+
+	secureCookie := isRequestHTTPS(c)
+	defer func() {
+		clearCookie(c, linuxDoOAuthStateCookieName, secureCookie)
+		clearCookie(c, linuxDoOAuthVerifierCookie, secureCookie)
+		clearCookie(c, linuxDoOAuthRedirectCookie, secureCookie)
+	}()
+
+	expectedState, err := readCookieDecoded(c, linuxDoOAuthStateCookieName)
+	if err != nil || expectedState == "" || state != expectedState {
+		redirectOAuthError(c, frontendCallback, "invalid_state", "invalid oauth state", "")
+		return
+	}
+
+	redirectTo, _ := readCookieDecoded(c, linuxDoOAuthRedirectCookie)
+	redirectTo = sanitizeFrontendRedirectPath(redirectTo)
+	if redirectTo == "" {
+		redirectTo = linuxDoOAuthDefaultRedirectTo
+	}
+
+	codeVerifier := ""
+	if cfg.UsePKCE {
+		codeVerifier, _ = readCookieDecoded(c, linuxDoOAuthVerifierCookie)
+		if codeVerifier == "" {
+			redirectOAuthError(c, frontendCallback, "missing_verifier", "missing pkce verifier", "")
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	redirectURI := strings.TrimSpace(cfg.RedirectURL)
+	if redirectURI == "" {
+		redirectOAuthError(c, frontendCallback, "config_error", "oauth redirect url not configured", "")
+		return
+	}
+
+	tokenResp, err := linuxDoExchangeCode(c.Request.Context(), cfg, code, redirectURI, codeVerifier)
+	if err != nil {
+		description := ""
+		var exchangeErr *linuxDoTokenExchangeError
+		if errors.As(err, &exchangeErr) && exchangeErr != nil {
+			log.Printf(
+				"[LinuxDo OAuth] token exchange failed: status=%d provider_error=%q provider_description=%q body=%s",
+				exchangeErr.StatusCode,
+				exchangeErr.ProviderError,
+				exchangeErr.ProviderDescription,
+				truncateLogValue(exchangeErr.Body, 2048),
+			)
+			description = exchangeErr.Error()
+		} else {
+			log.Printf("[LinuxDo OAuth] token exchange failed: %v", err)
+			description = err.Error()
+		}
+		redirectOAuthError(c, frontendCallback, "token_exchange_failed", "failed to exchange oauth code", singleLine(description))
+		return
+	}
+
+	email, username, subject, err := linuxDoFetchUserInfo(c.Request.Context(), cfg, tokenResp)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[LinuxDo OAuth] userinfo fetch failed: %v", err)
+		redirectOAuthError(c, frontendCallback, "userinfo_failed", "failed to fetch user info", "")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// 安全考虑：不要把第三方返回的 email 直接映射到本地账号（可能与本地邮箱用户冲突导致账号被接管）。
+	// 统一使用基于 subject 的稳定合成邮箱来做账号绑定。
+	if subject != "" {
+		email = linuxDoSyntheticEmail(subject)
+	}
+
+	jwtToken, _, err := h.authService.LoginOrRegisterOAuth(c.Request.Context(), email, username)
+	if err != nil {
+		// 避免把内部细节泄露给客户端；给前端保留结构化原因与提示信息即可。
+		redirectOAuthError(c, frontendCallback, "login_failed", infraerrors.Reason(err), infraerrors.Message(err))
+		return
+	}
+
+	fragment := url.Values{}
+	fragment.Set("access_token", jwtToken)
+	fragment.Set("token_type", "Bearer")
+	fragment.Set("redirect", redirectTo)
+	redirectWithFragment(c, frontendCallback, fragment)
+}
+
+func (h *AuthHandler) getLinuxDoOAuthConfig(ctx context.Context) (config.LinuxDoConnectConfig, error) {
+	if h != nil && h.settingSvc != nil {
+		return h.settingSvc.GetLinuxDoConnectOAuthConfig(ctx)
+	}
+	if h == nil || h.cfg == nil {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.ServiceUnavailable("CONFIG_NOT_READY", "config not loaded")
+	}
+	if !h.cfg.LinuxDo.Enabled {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.NotFound("OAUTH_DISABLED", "oauth login is disabled")
+	}
+	return h.cfg.LinuxDo, nil
+}
+
+func linuxDoExchangeCode(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	cfg config.LinuxDoConnectConfig,
+	code string,
+	redirectURI string,
+	codeVerifier string,
+) (*linuxDoTokenResponse, error) {
+	client := req.C().SetTimeout(30 * time.Second)
+
+	form := url.Values{}
+	form.Set("grant_type", "authorization_code")
+	form.Set("client_id", cfg.ClientID)
+	form.Set("code", code)
+	form.Set("redirect_uri", redirectURI)
+	if cfg.UsePKCE {
+		form.Set("code_verifier", codeVerifier)
+	}
+
+	r := client.R().
+		SetContext(ctx).
+		SetHeader("Accept", "application/json")
+
+	switch strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(cfg.TokenAuthMethod)) {
+	case "", "client_secret_post":
+		form.Set("client_secret", cfg.ClientSecret)
+	case "client_secret_basic":
+		r.SetBasicAuth(cfg.ClientID, cfg.ClientSecret)
+	case "none":
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported token_auth_method: %s", cfg.TokenAuthMethod)
+	}
+
+	resp, err := r.SetFormDataFromValues(form).Post(cfg.TokenURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request token: %w", err)
+	}
+	body := strings.TrimSpace(resp.String())
+	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
+		providerErr, providerDesc := parseOAuthProviderError(body)
+		return nil, &linuxDoTokenExchangeError{
+			StatusCode:          resp.StatusCode,
+			ProviderError:       providerErr,
+			ProviderDescription: providerDesc,
+			Body:                body,
+		}
+	}
+
+	tokenResp, ok := parseLinuxDoTokenResponse(body)
+	if !ok || strings.TrimSpace(tokenResp.AccessToken) == "" {
+		return nil, &linuxDoTokenExchangeError{
+			StatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+			Body:       body,
+		}
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(tokenResp.TokenType) == "" {
+		tokenResp.TokenType = "Bearer"
+	}
+	return tokenResp, nil
+}
+
+func linuxDoFetchUserInfo(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	cfg config.LinuxDoConnectConfig,
+	token *linuxDoTokenResponse,
+) (email string, username string, subject string, err error) {
+	client := req.C().SetTimeout(30 * time.Second)
+	authorization, err := buildBearerAuthorization(token.TokenType, token.AccessToken)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", fmt.Errorf("invalid token for userinfo request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	resp, err := client.R().
+		SetContext(ctx).
+		SetHeader("Accept", "application/json").
+		SetHeader("Authorization", authorization).
+		Get(cfg.UserInfoURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", fmt.Errorf("request userinfo: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
+		return "", "", "", fmt.Errorf("userinfo status=%d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	return linuxDoParseUserInfo(resp.String(), cfg)
+}
+
+func linuxDoParseUserInfo(body string, cfg config.LinuxDoConnectConfig) (email string, username string, subject string, err error) {
+	email = firstNonEmpty(
+		getGJSON(body, cfg.UserInfoEmailPath),
+		getGJSON(body, "email"),
+		getGJSON(body, "user.email"),
+		getGJSON(body, "data.email"),
+		getGJSON(body, "attributes.email"),
+	)
+	username = firstNonEmpty(
+		getGJSON(body, cfg.UserInfoUsernamePath),
+		getGJSON(body, "username"),
+		getGJSON(body, "preferred_username"),
+		getGJSON(body, "name"),
+		getGJSON(body, "user.username"),
+		getGJSON(body, "user.name"),
+	)
+	subject = firstNonEmpty(
+		getGJSON(body, cfg.UserInfoIDPath),
+		getGJSON(body, "sub"),
+		getGJSON(body, "id"),
+		getGJSON(body, "user_id"),
+		getGJSON(body, "uid"),
+		getGJSON(body, "user.id"),
+	)
+
+	subject = strings.TrimSpace(subject)
+	if subject == "" {
+		return "", "", "", errors.New("userinfo missing id field")
+	}
+	if !isSafeLinuxDoSubject(subject) {
+		return "", "", "", errors.New("userinfo returned invalid id field")
+	}
+
+	email = strings.TrimSpace(email)
+	if email == "" {
+		// LinuxDo Connect 的 userinfo 可能不提供 email。为兼容现有用户模型（email 必填且唯一），使用稳定的合成邮箱。
+		email = linuxDoSyntheticEmail(subject)
+	}
+
+	username = strings.TrimSpace(username)
+	if username == "" {
+		username = "linuxdo_" + subject
+	}
+
+	return email, username, subject, nil
+}
+
+func buildLinuxDoAuthorizeURL(cfg config.LinuxDoConnectConfig, state string, codeChallenge string, redirectURI string) (string, error) {
+	u, err := url.Parse(cfg.AuthorizeURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse authorize_url: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	q := u.Query()
+	q.Set("response_type", "code")
+	q.Set("client_id", cfg.ClientID)
+	q.Set("redirect_uri", redirectURI)
+	if strings.TrimSpace(cfg.Scopes) != "" {
+		q.Set("scope", cfg.Scopes)
+	}
+	q.Set("state", state)
+	if cfg.UsePKCE {
+		q.Set("code_challenge", codeChallenge)
+		q.Set("code_challenge_method", "S256")
+	}
+
+	u.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+	return u.String(), nil
+}
+
+func redirectOAuthError(c *gin.Context, frontendCallback string, code string, message string, description string) {
+	fragment := url.Values{}
+	fragment.Set("error", truncateFragmentValue(code))
+	if strings.TrimSpace(message) != "" {
+		fragment.Set("error_message", truncateFragmentValue(message))
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(description) != "" {
+		fragment.Set("error_description", truncateFragmentValue(description))
+	}
+	redirectWithFragment(c, frontendCallback, fragment)
+}
+
+func redirectWithFragment(c *gin.Context, frontendCallback string, fragment url.Values) {
+	u, err := url.Parse(frontendCallback)
+	if err != nil {
+		// 兜底：尽力跳转到默认页面，避免卡死在回调页。
+		c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, linuxDoOAuthDefaultRedirectTo)
+		return
+	}
+	if u.Scheme != "" && !strings.EqualFold(u.Scheme, "http") && !strings.EqualFold(u.Scheme, "https") {
+		c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, linuxDoOAuthDefaultRedirectTo)
+		return
+	}
+	u.Fragment = fragment.Encode()
+	c.Header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
+	c.Header("Pragma", "no-cache")
+	c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, u.String())
+}
+
+func firstNonEmpty(values ...string) string {
+	for _, v := range values {
+		v = strings.TrimSpace(v)
+		if v != "" {
+			return v
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func parseOAuthProviderError(body string) (providerErr string, providerDesc string) {
+	body = strings.TrimSpace(body)
+	if body == "" {
+		return "", ""
+	}
+
+	providerErr = firstNonEmpty(
+		getGJSON(body, "error"),
+		getGJSON(body, "code"),
+		getGJSON(body, "error.code"),
+	)
+	providerDesc = firstNonEmpty(
+		getGJSON(body, "error_description"),
+		getGJSON(body, "error.message"),
+		getGJSON(body, "message"),
+		getGJSON(body, "detail"),
+	)
+
+	if providerErr != "" || providerDesc != "" {
+		return providerErr, providerDesc
+	}
+
+	values, err := url.ParseQuery(body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", ""
+	}
+	providerErr = firstNonEmpty(values.Get("error"), values.Get("code"))
+	providerDesc = firstNonEmpty(values.Get("error_description"), values.Get("error_message"), values.Get("message"))
+	return providerErr, providerDesc
+}
+
+func parseLinuxDoTokenResponse(body string) (*linuxDoTokenResponse, bool) {
+	body = strings.TrimSpace(body)
+	if body == "" {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+
+	accessToken := strings.TrimSpace(getGJSON(body, "access_token"))
+	if accessToken != "" {
+		tokenType := strings.TrimSpace(getGJSON(body, "token_type"))
+		refreshToken := strings.TrimSpace(getGJSON(body, "refresh_token"))
+		scope := strings.TrimSpace(getGJSON(body, "scope"))
+		expiresIn := gjson.Get(body, "expires_in").Int()
+		return &linuxDoTokenResponse{
+			AccessToken:  accessToken,
+			TokenType:    tokenType,
+			ExpiresIn:    expiresIn,
+			RefreshToken: refreshToken,
+			Scope:        scope,
+		}, true
+	}
+
+	values, err := url.ParseQuery(body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	accessToken = strings.TrimSpace(values.Get("access_token"))
+	if accessToken == "" {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	expiresIn := int64(0)
+	if raw := strings.TrimSpace(values.Get("expires_in")); raw != "" {
+		if v, err := strconv.ParseInt(raw, 10, 64); err == nil {
+			expiresIn = v
+		}
+	}
+	return &linuxDoTokenResponse{
+		AccessToken:  accessToken,
+		TokenType:    strings.TrimSpace(values.Get("token_type")),
+		ExpiresIn:    expiresIn,
+		RefreshToken: strings.TrimSpace(values.Get("refresh_token")),
+		Scope:        strings.TrimSpace(values.Get("scope")),
+	}, true
+}
+
+func getGJSON(body string, path string) string {
+	path = strings.TrimSpace(path)
+	if path == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	res := gjson.Get(body, path)
+	if !res.Exists() {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return res.String()
+}
+
+func truncateLogValue(value string, maxLen int) string {
+	value = strings.TrimSpace(value)
+	if value == "" || maxLen <= 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if len(value) <= maxLen {
+		return value
+	}
+	value = value[:maxLen]
+	for !utf8.ValidString(value) {
+		value = value[:len(value)-1]
+	}
+	return value
+}
+
+func singleLine(value string) string {
+	value = strings.TrimSpace(value)
+	if value == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return strings.Join(strings.Fields(value), " ")
+}
+
+func sanitizeFrontendRedirectPath(path string) string {
+	path = strings.TrimSpace(path)
+	if path == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if len(path) > linuxDoOAuthMaxRedirectLen {
+		return ""
+	}
+	// 只允许同源相对路径（避免开放重定向）。
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(path, "/") {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if strings.HasPrefix(path, "//") {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(path, "://") {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if strings.ContainsAny(path, "\r\n") {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return path
+}
+
+func isRequestHTTPS(c *gin.Context) bool {
+	if c.Request.TLS != nil {
+		return true
+	}
+	proto := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(c.GetHeader("X-Forwarded-Proto")))
+	return proto == "https"
+}
+
+func encodeCookieValue(value string) string {
+	return base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(value))
+}
+
+func decodeCookieValue(value string) (string, error) {
+	raw, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return string(raw), nil
+}
+
+func readCookieDecoded(c *gin.Context, name string) (string, error) {
+	ck, err := c.Request.Cookie(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return decodeCookieValue(ck.Value)
+}
+
+func setCookie(c *gin.Context, name string, value string, maxAgeSec int, secure bool) {
+	http.SetCookie(c.Writer, &http.Cookie{
+		Name:     name,
+		Value:    value,
+		Path:     linuxDoOAuthCookiePath,
+		MaxAge:   maxAgeSec,
+		HttpOnly: true,
+		Secure:   secure,
+		SameSite: http.SameSiteLaxMode,
+	})
+}
+
+func clearCookie(c *gin.Context, name string, secure bool) {
+	http.SetCookie(c.Writer, &http.Cookie{
+		Name:     name,
+		Value:    "",
+		Path:     linuxDoOAuthCookiePath,
+		MaxAge:   -1,
+		HttpOnly: true,
+		Secure:   secure,
+		SameSite: http.SameSiteLaxMode,
+	})
+}
+
+func truncateFragmentValue(value string) string {
+	value = strings.TrimSpace(value)
+	if value == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if len(value) > linuxDoOAuthMaxFragmentValueLen {
+		value = value[:linuxDoOAuthMaxFragmentValueLen]
+		for !utf8.ValidString(value) {
+			value = value[:len(value)-1]
+		}
+	}
+	return value
+}
+
+func buildBearerAuthorization(tokenType, accessToken string) (string, error) {
+	tokenType = strings.TrimSpace(tokenType)
+	if tokenType == "" {
+		tokenType = "Bearer"
+	}
+	if !strings.EqualFold(tokenType, "Bearer") {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported token_type: %s", tokenType)
+	}
+
+	accessToken = strings.TrimSpace(accessToken)
+	if accessToken == "" {
+		return "", errors.New("missing access_token")
+	}
+	if strings.ContainsAny(accessToken, " \t\r\n") {
+		return "", errors.New("access_token contains whitespace")
+	}
+	return "Bearer " + accessToken, nil
+}
+
+func isSafeLinuxDoSubject(subject string) bool {
+	subject = strings.TrimSpace(subject)
+	if subject == "" || len(subject) > linuxDoOAuthMaxSubjectLen {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, r := range subject {
+		switch {
+		case r >= '0' && r <= '9':
+		case r >= 'a' && r <= 'z':
+		case r >= 'A' && r <= 'Z':
+		case r == '_' || r == '-':
+		default:
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func linuxDoSyntheticEmail(subject string) string {
+	subject = strings.TrimSpace(subject)
+	if subject == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return "linuxdo-" + subject + service.LinuxDoConnectSyntheticEmailDomain
+}

backend/internal/handler/auth_linuxdo_oauth_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+package handler
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestSanitizeFrontendRedirectPath(t *testing.T) {
+	require.Equal(t, "/dashboard", sanitizeFrontendRedirectPath("/dashboard"))
+	require.Equal(t, "/dashboard", sanitizeFrontendRedirectPath(" /dashboard "))
+	require.Equal(t, "", sanitizeFrontendRedirectPath("dashboard"))
+	require.Equal(t, "", sanitizeFrontendRedirectPath("//evil.com"))
+	require.Equal(t, "", sanitizeFrontendRedirectPath("https://evil.com"))
+	require.Equal(t, "", sanitizeFrontendRedirectPath("/\nfoo"))
+
+	long := "/" + strings.Repeat("a", linuxDoOAuthMaxRedirectLen)
+	require.Equal(t, "", sanitizeFrontendRedirectPath(long))
+}
+
+func TestBuildBearerAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
+	auth, err := buildBearerAuthorization("", "token123")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "Bearer token123", auth)
+
+	auth, err = buildBearerAuthorization("bearer", "token123")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "Bearer token123", auth)
+
+	_, err = buildBearerAuthorization("MAC", "token123")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	_, err = buildBearerAuthorization("Bearer", "token 123")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestLinuxDoParseUserInfoParsesIDAndUsername(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{
+		UserInfoURL: "https://connect.linux.do/api/user",
+	}
+
+	email, username, subject, err := linuxDoParseUserInfo(`{"id":123,"username":"alice"}`, cfg)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "123", subject)
+	require.Equal(t, "alice", username)
+	require.Equal(t, "linuxdo-123@linuxdo-connect.invalid", email)
+}
+
+func TestLinuxDoParseUserInfoDefaultsUsername(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{
+		UserInfoURL: "https://connect.linux.do/api/user",
+	}
+
+	email, username, subject, err := linuxDoParseUserInfo(`{"id":"123"}`, cfg)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "123", subject)
+	require.Equal(t, "linuxdo_123", username)
+	require.Equal(t, "linuxdo-123@linuxdo-connect.invalid", email)
+}
+
+func TestLinuxDoParseUserInfoRejectsUnsafeSubject(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{
+		UserInfoURL: "https://connect.linux.do/api/user",
+	}
+
+	_, _, _, err := linuxDoParseUserInfo(`{"id":"123@456"}`, cfg)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	tooLong := strings.Repeat("a", linuxDoOAuthMaxSubjectLen+1)
+	_, _, _, err = linuxDoParseUserInfo(`{"id":"`+tooLong+`"}`, cfg)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestParseOAuthProviderErrorJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	code, desc := parseOAuthProviderError(`{"error":"invalid_client","error_description":"bad secret"}`)
+	require.Equal(t, "invalid_client", code)
+	require.Equal(t, "bad secret", desc)
+}
+
+func TestParseOAuthProviderErrorForm(t *testing.T) {
+	code, desc := parseOAuthProviderError("error=invalid_request&error_description=Missing+code_verifier")
+	require.Equal(t, "invalid_request", code)
+	require.Equal(t, "Missing code_verifier", desc)
+}
+
+func TestParseLinuxDoTokenResponseJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	token, ok := parseLinuxDoTokenResponse(`{"access_token":"t1","token_type":"Bearer","expires_in":3600,"scope":"user"}`)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.Equal(t, "t1", token.AccessToken)
+	require.Equal(t, "Bearer", token.TokenType)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(3600), token.ExpiresIn)
+	require.Equal(t, "user", token.Scope)
+}
+
+func TestParseLinuxDoTokenResponseForm(t *testing.T) {
+	token, ok := parseLinuxDoTokenResponse("access_token=t2&token_type=bearer&expires_in=60")
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.Equal(t, "t2", token.AccessToken)
+	require.Equal(t, "bearer", token.TokenType)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(60), token.ExpiresIn)
+}
+
+func TestSingleLineStripsWhitespace(t *testing.T) {
+	require.Equal(t, "hello world", singleLine("hello\r\nworld"))
+	require.Equal(t, "", singleLine("\n\t\r"))
+}

backend/internal/handler/dto/settings.go

@@ -17,6 +17,11 @@ type SystemSettings struct {
 	TurnstileSiteKey             string `json:"turnstile_site_key"`
 	TurnstileSecretKeyConfigured bool   `json:"turnstile_secret_key_configured"`
 
+	LinuxDoConnectEnabled                bool   `json:"linuxdo_connect_enabled"`
+	LinuxDoConnectClientID               string `json:"linuxdo_connect_client_id"`
+	LinuxDoConnectClientSecretConfigured bool   `json:"linuxdo_connect_client_secret_configured"`
+	LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL            string `json:"linuxdo_connect_redirect_url"`
+
 	SiteName     string `json:"site_name"`
 	SiteLogo     string `json:"site_logo"`
 	SiteSubtitle string `json:"site_subtitle"`
@@ -50,5 +55,6 @@ type PublicSettings struct {
 	APIBaseURL          string `json:"api_base_url"`
 	ContactInfo         string `json:"contact_info"`
 	DocURL              string `json:"doc_url"`
+	LinuxDoOAuthEnabled bool   `json:"linuxdo_oauth_enabled"`
 	Version             string `json:"version"`
 }

backend/internal/handler/setting_handler.go

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ func (h *SettingHandler) GetPublicSettings(c *gin.Context) {
 		APIBaseURL:          settings.APIBaseURL,
 		ContactInfo:         settings.ContactInfo,
 		DocURL:              settings.DocURL,
+		LinuxDoOAuthEnabled: settings.LinuxDoOAuthEnabled,
 		Version:             h.version,
 	})
 }

backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/client.go

@@ -5,8 +5,11 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"log"
+	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"strings"
@@ -22,10 +25,10 @@ func resolveHost(urlStr string) string {
 	return parsed.Host
 }
 
-// NewAPIRequest 创建 Antigravity API 请求（v1internal 端点）
-func NewAPIRequest(ctx context.Context, action, accessToken string, body []byte) (*http.Request, error) {
+// NewAPIRequestWithURL 使用指定的 base URL 创建 Antigravity API 请求（v1internal 端点）
+func NewAPIRequestWithURL(ctx context.Context, baseURL, action, accessToken string, body []byte) (*http.Request, error) {
 	// 构建 URL，流式请求添加 ?alt=sse 参数
-	apiURL := fmt.Sprintf("%s/v1internal:%s", BaseURL, action)
+	apiURL := fmt.Sprintf("%s/v1internal:%s", baseURL, action)
 	isStream := action == "streamGenerateContent"
 	if isStream {
 		apiURL += "?alt=sse"
@@ -53,11 +56,15 @@ func NewAPIRequest(ctx context.Context, action, accessToken string, body []byte)
 		req.Host = host
 	}
 
-	// 注意：requestType 已在 JSON body 的 V1InternalRequest 中设置，不需要 HTTP Header
-
 	return req, nil
 }
 
+// NewAPIRequest 使用默认 URL 创建 Antigravity API 请求（v1internal 端点）
+// 向后兼容：仅使用默认 BaseURL
+func NewAPIRequest(ctx context.Context, action, accessToken string, body []byte) (*http.Request, error) {
+	return NewAPIRequestWithURL(ctx, BaseURL, action, accessToken, body)
+}
+
 // TokenResponse Google OAuth token 响应
 type TokenResponse struct {
 	AccessToken  string `json:"access_token"`
@@ -164,6 +171,38 @@ func NewClient(proxyURL string) *Client {
 	}
 }
 
+// isConnectionError 判断是否为连接错误（网络超时、DNS 失败、连接拒绝）
+func isConnectionError(err error) bool {
+	if err == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// 检查超时错误
+	var netErr net.Error
+	if errors.As(err, &netErr) && netErr.Timeout() {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// 检查连接错误（DNS 失败、连接拒绝）
+	var opErr *net.OpError
+	if errors.As(err, &opErr) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// 检查 URL 错误
+	var urlErr *url.Error
+	return errors.As(err, &urlErr)
+}
+
+// shouldFallbackToNextURL 判断是否应切换到下一个 URL
+// 仅连接错误和 HTTP 429 触发 URL 降级
+func shouldFallbackToNextURL(err error, statusCode int) bool {
+	if isConnectionError(err) {
+		return true
+	}
+	return statusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests
+}
+
 // ExchangeCode 用 authorization code 交换 token
 func (c *Client) ExchangeCode(ctx context.Context, code, codeVerifier string) (*TokenResponse, error) {
 	params := url.Values{}
@@ -272,6 +311,7 @@ func (c *Client) GetUserInfo(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) (*UserInfo
 }
 
 // LoadCodeAssist 获取账户信息，返回解析后的结构体和原始 JSON
+// 支持 URL fallback：sandbox → daily → prod
 func (c *Client) LoadCodeAssist(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) (*LoadCodeAssistResponse, map[string]any, error) {
 	reqBody := LoadCodeAssistRequest{}
 	reqBody.Metadata.IDEType = "ANTIGRAVITY"
@@ -281,40 +321,65 @@ func (c *Client) LoadCodeAssist(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) (*LoadC
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("序列化请求失败: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	url := BaseURL + "/v1internal:loadCodeAssist"
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, strings.NewReader(string(bodyBytes)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("创建请求失败: %w", err)
-	}
-	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", UserAgent)
-
-	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("loadCodeAssist 请求失败: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
-
-	respBodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("读取响应失败: %w", err)
+	// 获取可用的 URL 列表
+	availableURLs := DefaultURLAvailability.GetAvailableURLs()
+	if len(availableURLs) == 0 {
+		availableURLs = BaseURLs // 所有 URL 都不可用时，重试所有
 	}
 
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("loadCodeAssist 失败 (HTTP %d): %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBodyBytes))
+	var lastErr error
+	for urlIdx, baseURL := range availableURLs {
+		apiURL := baseURL + "/v1internal:loadCodeAssist"
+		req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, apiURL, strings.NewReader(string(bodyBytes)))
+		if err != nil {
+			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("创建请求失败: %w", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
+		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", UserAgent)
+
+		resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
+		if err != nil {
+			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("loadCodeAssist 请求失败: %w", err)
+			if shouldFallbackToNextURL(err, 0) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
+				DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
+				log.Printf("[antigravity] loadCodeAssist URL fallback: %s -> %s", baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1])
+				continue
+			}
+			return nil, nil, lastErr
+		}
+
+		respBodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		_ = resp.Body.Close() // 立即关闭，避免循环内 defer 导致的资源泄漏
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("读取响应失败: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// 检查是否需要 URL 降级
+		if shouldFallbackToNextURL(nil, resp.StatusCode) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
+			DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
+			log.Printf("[antigravity] loadCodeAssist URL fallback (HTTP %d): %s -> %s", resp.StatusCode, baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1])
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("loadCodeAssist 失败 (HTTP %d): %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBodyBytes))
+		}
+
+		var loadResp LoadCodeAssistResponse
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(respBodyBytes, &loadResp); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("响应解析失败: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// 解析原始 JSON 为 map
+		var rawResp map[string]any
+		_ = json.Unmarshal(respBodyBytes, &rawResp)
+
+		return &loadResp, rawResp, nil
 	}
 
-	var loadResp LoadCodeAssistResponse
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(respBodyBytes, &loadResp); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("响应解析失败: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// 解析原始 JSON 为 map
-	var rawResp map[string]any
-	_ = json.Unmarshal(respBodyBytes, &rawResp)
-
-	return &loadResp, rawResp, nil
+	return nil, nil, lastErr
 }
 
 // ModelQuotaInfo 模型配额信息
@@ -339,6 +404,7 @@ type FetchAvailableModelsResponse struct {
 }
 
 // FetchAvailableModels 获取可用模型和配额信息，返回解析后的结构体和原始 JSON
+// 支持 URL fallback：sandbox → daily → prod
 func (c *Client) FetchAvailableModels(ctx context.Context, accessToken, projectID string) (*FetchAvailableModelsResponse, map[string]any, error) {
 	reqBody := FetchAvailableModelsRequest{Project: projectID}
 	bodyBytes, err := json.Marshal(reqBody)
@@ -346,38 +412,63 @@ func (c *Client) FetchAvailableModels(ctx context.Context, accessToken, projectI
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("序列化请求失败: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	apiURL := BaseURL + "/v1internal:fetchAvailableModels"
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, apiURL, strings.NewReader(string(bodyBytes)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("创建请求失败: %w", err)
-	}
-	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", UserAgent)
-
-	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("fetchAvailableModels 请求失败: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
-
-	respBodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("读取响应失败: %w", err)
+	// 获取可用的 URL 列表
+	availableURLs := DefaultURLAvailability.GetAvailableURLs()
+	if len(availableURLs) == 0 {
+		availableURLs = BaseURLs // 所有 URL 都不可用时，重试所有
 	}
 
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("fetchAvailableModels 失败 (HTTP %d): %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBodyBytes))
+	var lastErr error
+	for urlIdx, baseURL := range availableURLs {
+		apiURL := baseURL + "/v1internal:fetchAvailableModels"
+		req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, apiURL, strings.NewReader(string(bodyBytes)))
+		if err != nil {
+			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("创建请求失败: %w", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
+		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		req.Header.Set("User-Agent", UserAgent)
+
+		resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
+		if err != nil {
+			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("fetchAvailableModels 请求失败: %w", err)
+			if shouldFallbackToNextURL(err, 0) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
+				DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
+				log.Printf("[antigravity] fetchAvailableModels URL fallback: %s -> %s", baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1])
+				continue
+			}
+			return nil, nil, lastErr
+		}
+
+		respBodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		_ = resp.Body.Close() // 立即关闭，避免循环内 defer 导致的资源泄漏
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("读取响应失败: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// 检查是否需要 URL 降级
+		if shouldFallbackToNextURL(nil, resp.StatusCode) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
+			DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
+			log.Printf("[antigravity] fetchAvailableModels URL fallback (HTTP %d): %s -> %s", resp.StatusCode, baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1])
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("fetchAvailableModels 失败 (HTTP %d): %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBodyBytes))
+		}
+
+		var modelsResp FetchAvailableModelsResponse
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(respBodyBytes, &modelsResp); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("响应解析失败: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// 解析原始 JSON 为 map
+		var rawResp map[string]any
+		_ = json.Unmarshal(respBodyBytes, &rawResp)
+
+		return &modelsResp, rawResp, nil
 	}
 
-	var modelsResp FetchAvailableModelsResponse
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(respBodyBytes, &modelsResp); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("响应解析失败: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// 解析原始 JSON 为 map
-	var rawResp map[string]any
-	_ = json.Unmarshal(respBodyBytes, &rawResp)
-
-	return &modelsResp, rawResp, nil
+	return nil, nil, lastErr
 }

backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/oauth.go

@@ -32,17 +32,79 @@ const (
 		"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cclog " +
 		"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/experimentsandconfigs"
 
-	// API 端点
-	// 优先使用 sandbox daily URL，配额更宽松
-	BaseURL = "https://daily-cloudcode-pa.sandbox.googleapis.com"
-
 	// User-Agent（模拟官方客户端）
 	UserAgent = "antigravity/1.104.0 darwin/arm64"
 
 	// Session 过期时间
 	SessionTTL = 30 * time.Minute
+
+	// URL 可用性 TTL（不可用 URL 的恢复时间）
+	URLAvailabilityTTL = 5 * time.Minute
 )
 
+// BaseURLs 定义 Antigravity API 端点，按优先级排序
+// fallback 顺序: sandbox → daily → prod
+var BaseURLs = []string{
+	"https://daily-cloudcode-pa.sandbox.googleapis.com", // sandbox
+	"https://daily-cloudcode-pa.googleapis.com",         // daily
+	"https://cloudcode-pa.googleapis.com",               // prod
+}
+
+// BaseURL 默认 URL（保持向后兼容）
+var BaseURL = BaseURLs[0]
+
+// URLAvailability 管理 URL 可用性状态（带 TTL 自动恢复）
+type URLAvailability struct {
+	mu          sync.RWMutex
+	unavailable map[string]time.Time // URL -> 恢复时间
+	ttl         time.Duration
+}
+
+// DefaultURLAvailability 全局 URL 可用性管理器
+var DefaultURLAvailability = NewURLAvailability(URLAvailabilityTTL)
+
+// NewURLAvailability 创建 URL 可用性管理器
+func NewURLAvailability(ttl time.Duration) *URLAvailability {
+	return &URLAvailability{
+		unavailable: make(map[string]time.Time),
+		ttl:         ttl,
+	}
+}
+
+// MarkUnavailable 标记 URL 临时不可用
+func (u *URLAvailability) MarkUnavailable(url string) {
+	u.mu.Lock()
+	defer u.mu.Unlock()
+	u.unavailable[url] = time.Now().Add(u.ttl)
+}
+
+// IsAvailable 检查 URL 是否可用
+func (u *URLAvailability) IsAvailable(url string) bool {
+	u.mu.RLock()
+	defer u.mu.RUnlock()
+	expiry, exists := u.unavailable[url]
+	if !exists {
+		return true
+	}
+	return time.Now().After(expiry)
+}
+
+// GetAvailableURLs 返回可用的 URL 列表（保持优先级顺序）
+func (u *URLAvailability) GetAvailableURLs() []string {
+	u.mu.RLock()
+	defer u.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	result := make([]string, 0, len(BaseURLs))
+	for _, url := range BaseURLs {
+		expiry, exists := u.unavailable[url]
+		if !exists || now.After(expiry) {
+			result = append(result, url)
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
 // OAuthSession 保存 OAuth 授权流程的临时状态
 type OAuthSession struct {
 	State        string    `json:"state"`

backend/internal/pkg/geminicli/constants.go

@@ -27,10 +27,9 @@ const (
 	// https://www.googleapis.com/auth/generative-language.retriever (often with cloud-platform).
 	DefaultAIStudioScopes = "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform https://www.googleapis.com/auth/generative-language.retriever"
 
-	// DefaultScopes for Google One (personal Google accounts with Gemini access)
-	// Only used when a custom OAuth client is configured. When using the built-in Gemini CLI client,
-	// Google One uses DefaultCodeAssistScopes (same as code_assist) because the built-in client
-	// cannot request restricted scopes like generative-language.retriever or drive.readonly.
+	// DefaultGoogleOneScopes (DEPRECATED, no longer used)
+	// Google One now always uses the built-in Gemini CLI client with DefaultCodeAssistScopes.
+	// This constant is kept for backward compatibility but is not actively used.
 	DefaultGoogleOneScopes = "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform https://www.googleapis.com/auth/generative-language.retriever https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive.readonly https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.email https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.profile"
 
 	// GeminiCLIRedirectURI is the redirect URI used by Gemini CLI for Code Assist OAuth.

backend/internal/pkg/geminicli/oauth.go

@@ -185,13 +185,9 @@ func EffectiveOAuthConfig(cfg OAuthConfig, oauthType string) (OAuthConfig, error
 				effective.Scopes = DefaultAIStudioScopes
 			}
 		case "google_one":
-			// Google One uses built-in Gemini CLI client (same as code_assist)
-			// Built-in client can't request restricted scopes like generative-language.retriever
-			if isBuiltinClient {
-				effective.Scopes = DefaultCodeAssistScopes
-			} else {
-				effective.Scopes = DefaultGoogleOneScopes
-			}
+			// Google One always uses built-in Gemini CLI client (same as code_assist)
+			// Built-in client can't request restricted scopes like generative-language.retriever or drive.readonly
+			effective.Scopes = DefaultCodeAssistScopes
 		default:
 			// Default to Code Assist scopes
 			effective.Scopes = DefaultCodeAssistScopes

backend/internal/pkg/geminicli/oauth_test.go

@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ func TestEffectiveOAuthConfig_GoogleOne(t *testing.T) {
 			wantErr:      false,
 		},
 		{
-			name: "Google One with custom client",
+			name: "Google One always uses built-in client (even if custom credentials passed)",
 			input: OAuthConfig{
 				ClientID:     "custom-client-id",
 				ClientSecret: "custom-client-secret",
 			},
 			oauthType:    "google_one",
 			wantClientID: "custom-client-id",
-			wantScopes:   DefaultGoogleOneScopes,
+			wantScopes:   DefaultCodeAssistScopes, // Uses code assist scopes even with custom client
 			wantErr:      false,
 		},
 		{

backend/internal/repository/account_repo.go

@@ -831,6 +831,11 @@ func (r *accountRepository) BulkUpdate(ctx context.Context, ids []int64, updates
 		args = append(args, *updates.Status)
 		idx++
 	}
+	if updates.Schedulable != nil {
+		setClauses = append(setClauses, "schedulable = $"+itoa(idx))
+		args = append(args, *updates.Schedulable)
+		idx++
+	}
 	// JSONB 需要合并而非覆盖，使用 raw SQL 保持旧行为。
 	if len(updates.Credentials) > 0 {
 		payload, err := json.Marshal(updates.Credentials)

backend/internal/repository/gemini_oauth_client.go

@@ -30,14 +30,15 @@ func (c *geminiOAuthClient) ExchangeCode(ctx context.Context, oauthType, code, c
 
 	// Use different OAuth clients based on oauthType:
 	// - code_assist: always use built-in Gemini CLI OAuth client (public)
-	// - google_one: uses configured OAuth client when provided; otherwise falls back to built-in client
+	// - google_one: always use built-in Gemini CLI OAuth client (public)
 	// - ai_studio: requires a user-provided OAuth client
 	oauthCfgInput := geminicli.OAuthConfig{
 		ClientID:     c.cfg.Gemini.OAuth.ClientID,
 		ClientSecret: c.cfg.Gemini.OAuth.ClientSecret,
 		Scopes:       c.cfg.Gemini.OAuth.Scopes,
 	}
-	if oauthType == "code_assist" {
+	if oauthType == "code_assist" || oauthType == "google_one" {
+		// Force use of built-in Gemini CLI OAuth client
 		oauthCfgInput.ClientID = ""
 		oauthCfgInput.ClientSecret = ""
 	}
@@ -78,7 +79,8 @@ func (c *geminiOAuthClient) RefreshToken(ctx context.Context, oauthType, refresh
 		ClientSecret: c.cfg.Gemini.OAuth.ClientSecret,
 		Scopes:       c.cfg.Gemini.OAuth.Scopes,
 	}
-	if oauthType == "code_assist" {
+	if oauthType == "code_assist" || oauthType == "google_one" {
+		// Force use of built-in Gemini CLI OAuth client
 		oauthCfgInput.ClientID = ""
 		oauthCfgInput.ClientSecret = ""
 	}

backend/internal/repository/group_repo.go

@@ -112,10 +112,10 @@ func (r *groupRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 }
 
 func (r *groupRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]service.Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
-	return r.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, "", "", nil)
+	return r.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, "", "", "", nil)
 }
 
-func (r *groupRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]service.Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *groupRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, status, search string, isExclusive *bool) ([]service.Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	q := r.client.Group.Query()
 
 	if platform != "" {
@@ -124,6 +124,12 @@ func (r *groupRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination
 	if status != "" {
 		q = q.Where(group.StatusEQ(status))
 	}
+	if search != "" {
+		q = q.Where(group.Or(
+			group.NameContainsFold(search),
+			group.DescriptionContainsFold(search),
+		))
+	}
 	if isExclusive != nil {
 		q = q.Where(group.IsExclusiveEQ(*isExclusive))
 	}

backend/internal/repository/group_repo_integration_test.go

@@ -131,6 +131,7 @@ func (s *GroupRepoSuite) TestListWithFilters_Platform() {
 		pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10},
 		service.PlatformOpenAI,
 		"",
+		"",
 		nil,
 	)
 	s.Require().NoError(err, "ListWithFilters base")
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ func (s *GroupRepoSuite) TestListWithFilters_Platform() {
 		SubscriptionType: service.SubscriptionTypeStandard,
 	}))
 
-	groups, _, err := s.repo.ListWithFilters(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, service.PlatformOpenAI, "", nil)
+	groups, _, err := s.repo.ListWithFilters(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, service.PlatformOpenAI, "", "", nil)
 	s.Require().NoError(err)
 	s.Require().Len(groups, len(baseGroups)+1)
 	// Verify all groups are OpenAI platform
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ func (s *GroupRepoSuite) TestListWithFilters_Status() {
 		SubscriptionType: service.SubscriptionTypeStandard,
 	}))
 
-	groups, _, err := s.repo.ListWithFilters(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, "", service.StatusDisabled, nil)
+	groups, _, err := s.repo.ListWithFilters(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, "", service.StatusDisabled, "", nil)
 	s.Require().NoError(err)
 	s.Require().Len(groups, 1)
 	s.Require().Equal(service.StatusDisabled, groups[0].Status)
@@ -204,12 +205,117 @@ func (s *GroupRepoSuite) TestListWithFilters_IsExclusive() {
 	}))
 
 	isExclusive := true
-	groups, _, err := s.repo.ListWithFilters(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, "", "", &isExclusive)
+	groups, _, err := s.repo.ListWithFilters(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, "", "", "", &isExclusive)
 	s.Require().NoError(err)
 	s.Require().Len(groups, 1)
 	s.Require().True(groups[0].IsExclusive)
 }
 
+func (s *GroupRepoSuite) TestListWithFilters_Search() {
+	newRepo := func() (*groupRepository, context.Context) {
+		tx := testEntTx(s.T())
+		return newGroupRepositoryWithSQL(tx.Client(), tx), context.Background()
+	}
+
+	containsID := func(groups []service.Group, id int64) bool {
+		for i := range groups {
+			if groups[i].ID == id {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+
+	mustCreate := func(repo *groupRepository, ctx context.Context, g *service.Group) *service.Group {
+		s.Require().NoError(repo.Create(ctx, g))
+		s.Require().NotZero(g.ID)
+		return g
+	}
+
+	newGroup := func(name string) *service.Group {
+		return &service.Group{
+			Name:             name,
+			Platform:         service.PlatformAnthropic,
+			RateMultiplier:   1.0,
+			IsExclusive:      false,
+			Status:           service.StatusActive,
+			SubscriptionType: service.SubscriptionTypeStandard,
+		}
+	}
+
+	s.Run("search_name_should_match", func() {
+		repo, ctx := newRepo()
+
+		target := mustCreate(repo, ctx, newGroup("it-group-search-name-target"))
+		other := mustCreate(repo, ctx, newGroup("it-group-search-name-other"))
+
+		groups, _, err := repo.ListWithFilters(ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 50}, "", "", "name-target", nil)
+		s.Require().NoError(err)
+		s.Require().True(containsID(groups, target.ID), "expected target group to match by name")
+		s.Require().False(containsID(groups, other.ID), "expected other group to be filtered out")
+	})
+
+	s.Run("search_description_should_match", func() {
+		repo, ctx := newRepo()
+
+		target := newGroup("it-group-search-desc-target")
+		target.Description = "something about desc-needle in here"
+		target = mustCreate(repo, ctx, target)
+
+		other := newGroup("it-group-search-desc-other")
+		other.Description = "nothing to see here"
+		other = mustCreate(repo, ctx, other)
+
+		groups, _, err := repo.ListWithFilters(ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 50}, "", "", "desc-needle", nil)
+		s.Require().NoError(err)
+		s.Require().True(containsID(groups, target.ID), "expected target group to match by description")
+		s.Require().False(containsID(groups, other.ID), "expected other group to be filtered out")
+	})
+
+	s.Run("search_nonexistent_should_return_empty", func() {
+		repo, ctx := newRepo()
+
+		_ = mustCreate(repo, ctx, newGroup("it-group-search-nonexistent-baseline"))
+
+		search := s.T().Name() + "__no_such_group__"
+		groups, _, err := repo.ListWithFilters(ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 50}, "", "", search, nil)
+		s.Require().NoError(err)
+		s.Require().Empty(groups)
+	})
+
+	s.Run("search_should_be_case_insensitive", func() {
+		repo, ctx := newRepo()
+
+		target := mustCreate(repo, ctx, newGroup("MiXeDCaSe-Needle"))
+		other := mustCreate(repo, ctx, newGroup("it-group-search-case-other"))
+
+		groups, _, err := repo.ListWithFilters(ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 50}, "", "", "mixedcase-needle", nil)
+		s.Require().NoError(err)
+		s.Require().True(containsID(groups, target.ID), "expected case-insensitive match")
+		s.Require().False(containsID(groups, other.ID), "expected other group to be filtered out")
+	})
+
+	s.Run("search_should_escape_like_wildcards", func() {
+		repo, ctx := newRepo()
+
+		percentTarget := mustCreate(repo, ctx, newGroup("it-group-search-100%-target"))
+		percentOther := mustCreate(repo, ctx, newGroup("it-group-search-100X-other"))
+
+		groups, _, err := repo.ListWithFilters(ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 50}, "", "", "100%", nil)
+		s.Require().NoError(err)
+		s.Require().True(containsID(groups, percentTarget.ID), "expected literal %% match")
+		s.Require().False(containsID(groups, percentOther.ID), "expected %% not to act as wildcard")
+
+		underscoreTarget := mustCreate(repo, ctx, newGroup("it-group-search-ab_cd-target"))
+		underscoreOther := mustCreate(repo, ctx, newGroup("it-group-search-abXcd-other"))
+
+		groups, _, err = repo.ListWithFilters(ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 50}, "", "", "ab_cd", nil)
+		s.Require().NoError(err)
+		s.Require().True(containsID(groups, underscoreTarget.ID), "expected literal _ match")
+		s.Require().False(containsID(groups, underscoreOther.ID), "expected _ not to act as wildcard")
+	})
+}
+
 func (s *GroupRepoSuite) TestListWithFilters_AccountCount() {
 	g1 := &service.Group{
 		Name:             "g1",
@@ -244,7 +350,7 @@ func (s *GroupRepoSuite) TestListWithFilters_AccountCount() {
 	s.Require().NoError(err)
 
 	isExclusive := true
-	groups, page, err := s.repo.ListWithFilters(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, service.PlatformAnthropic, service.StatusActive, &isExclusive)
+	groups, page, err := s.repo.ListWithFilters(s.ctx, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 10}, service.PlatformAnthropic, service.StatusActive, "", &isExclusive)
 	s.Require().NoError(err, "ListWithFilters")
 	s.Require().Equal(int64(1), page.Total)
 	s.Require().Len(groups, 1)

backend/internal/server/api_contract_test.go

@@ -304,6 +304,10 @@ func TestAPIContracts(t *testing.T) {
 					"turnstile_enabled": true,
 					"turnstile_site_key": "site-key",
 					"turnstile_secret_key_configured": true,
+					"linuxdo_connect_enabled": false,
+					"linuxdo_connect_client_id": "",
+					"linuxdo_connect_client_secret_configured": false,
+					"linuxdo_connect_redirect_url": "",
 					"site_name": "Sub2API",
 					"site_logo": "",
 					"site_subtitle": "Subtitle",
@@ -390,7 +394,7 @@ func newContractDeps(t *testing.T) *contractDeps {
 	settingRepo := newStubSettingRepo()
 	settingService := service.NewSettingService(settingRepo, cfg)
 
-	authHandler := handler.NewAuthHandler(cfg, nil, userService)
+	authHandler := handler.NewAuthHandler(cfg, nil, userService, settingService)
 	apiKeyHandler := handler.NewAPIKeyHandler(apiKeyService)
 	usageHandler := handler.NewUsageHandler(usageService, apiKeyService)
 	adminSettingHandler := adminhandler.NewSettingHandler(settingService, nil, nil)
@@ -583,7 +587,7 @@ func (stubGroupRepo) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParam
 	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
-func (stubGroupRepo) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]service.Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (stubGroupRepo) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, status, search string, isExclusive *bool) ([]service.Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 

backend/internal/server/routes/auth.go

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ func RegisterAuthRoutes(
 		auth.POST("/register", h.Auth.Register)
 		auth.POST("/login", h.Auth.Login)
 		auth.POST("/send-verify-code", h.Auth.SendVerifyCode)
+		auth.GET("/oauth/linuxdo/start", h.Auth.LinuxDoOAuthStart)
+		auth.GET("/oauth/linuxdo/callback", h.Auth.LinuxDoOAuthCallback)
 	}
 
 	// 公开设置（无需认证）

backend/internal/service/account_service.go

@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ type AccountBulkUpdate struct {
 	Concurrency *int
 	Priority    *int
 	Status      *string
+	Schedulable *bool
 	Credentials map[string]any
 	Extra       map[string]any
 }

backend/internal/service/account_test_service.go

@@ -661,13 +661,7 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) processGeminiStream(c *gin.Context, body io.Reader)
 		}
 		if candidates, ok := data["candidates"].([]any); ok && len(candidates) > 0 {
 			if candidate, ok := candidates[0].(map[string]any); ok {
-				// Check for completion
-				if finishReason, ok := candidate["finishReason"].(string); ok && finishReason != "" {
-					s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_complete", Success: true})
-					return nil
-				}
-
-				// Extract content
+				// Extract content first (before checking completion)
 				if content, ok := candidate["content"].(map[string]any); ok {
 					if parts, ok := content["parts"].([]any); ok {
 						for _, part := range parts {
@@ -679,6 +673,12 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) processGeminiStream(c *gin.Context, body io.Reader)
 						}
 					}
 				}
+
+				// Check for completion after extracting content
+				if finishReason, ok := candidate["finishReason"].(string); ok && finishReason != "" {
+					s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_complete", Success: true})
+					return nil
+				}
 			}
 		}
 

backend/internal/service/admin_service.go

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ type AdminService interface {
 	GetUserUsageStats(ctx context.Context, userID int64, period string) (any, error)
 
 	// Group management
-	ListGroups(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]Group, int64, error)
+	ListGroups(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, platform, status, search string, isExclusive *bool) ([]Group, int64, error)
 	GetAllGroups(ctx context.Context) ([]Group, error)
 	GetAllGroupsByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]Group, error)
 	GetGroup(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*Group, error)
@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ type BulkUpdateAccountsInput struct {
 	Concurrency *int
 	Priority    *int
 	Status      string
+	Schedulable *bool
 	GroupIDs    *[]int64
 	Credentials map[string]any
 	Extra       map[string]any
@@ -478,9 +479,9 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetUserUsageStats(ctx context.Context, userID int64,
 }
 
 // Group management implementations
-func (s *adminServiceImpl) ListGroups(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]Group, int64, error) {
+func (s *adminServiceImpl) ListGroups(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, platform, status, search string, isExclusive *bool) ([]Group, int64, error) {
 	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
-	groups, result, err := s.groupRepo.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, platform, status, isExclusive)
+	groups, result, err := s.groupRepo.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, platform, status, search, isExclusive)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
 	}
@@ -910,6 +911,9 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) BulkUpdateAccounts(ctx context.Context, input *BulkUp
 	if input.Status != "" {
 		repoUpdates.Status = &input.Status
 	}
+	if input.Schedulable != nil {
+		repoUpdates.Schedulable = input.Schedulable
+	}
 
 	// Run bulk update for column/jsonb fields first.
 	if _, err := s.accountRepo.BulkUpdate(ctx, input.AccountIDs, repoUpdates); err != nil {

backend/internal/service/admin_service_delete_test.go

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ func (s *groupRepoStub) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationPa
 	panic("unexpected List call")
 }
 
-func (s *groupRepoStub) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (s *groupRepoStub) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, status, search string, isExclusive *bool) ([]Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	panic("unexpected ListWithFilters call")
 }
 

backend/internal/service/admin_service_group_test.go

@@ -16,6 +16,16 @@ type groupRepoStubForAdmin struct {
 	updated *Group // 记录 Update 调用的参数
 	getByID *Group // GetByID 返回值
 	getErr  error  // GetByID 返回的错误
+
+	listWithFiltersCalls       int
+	listWithFiltersParams      pagination.PaginationParams
+	listWithFiltersPlatform    string
+	listWithFiltersStatus      string
+	listWithFiltersSearch      string
+	listWithFiltersIsExclusive *bool
+	listWithFiltersGroups      []Group
+	listWithFiltersResult      *pagination.PaginationResult
+	listWithFiltersErr         error
 }
 
 func (s *groupRepoStubForAdmin) Create(_ context.Context, g *Group) error {
@@ -47,8 +57,28 @@ func (s *groupRepoStubForAdmin) List(_ context.Context, _ pagination.PaginationP
 	panic("unexpected List call")
 }
 
-func (s *groupRepoStubForAdmin) ListWithFilters(_ context.Context, _ pagination.PaginationParams, _, _ string, _ *bool) ([]Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
-	panic("unexpected ListWithFilters call")
+func (s *groupRepoStubForAdmin) ListWithFilters(_ context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, status, search string, isExclusive *bool) ([]Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	s.listWithFiltersCalls++
+	s.listWithFiltersParams = params
+	s.listWithFiltersPlatform = platform
+	s.listWithFiltersStatus = status
+	s.listWithFiltersSearch = search
+	s.listWithFiltersIsExclusive = isExclusive
+
+	if s.listWithFiltersErr != nil {
+		return nil, nil, s.listWithFiltersErr
+	}
+
+	result := s.listWithFiltersResult
+	if result == nil {
+		result = &pagination.PaginationResult{
+			Total:    int64(len(s.listWithFiltersGroups)),
+			Page:     params.Page,
+			PageSize: params.PageSize,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return s.listWithFiltersGroups, result, nil
 }
 
 func (s *groupRepoStubForAdmin) ListActive(_ context.Context) ([]Group, error) {
@@ -195,3 +225,68 @@ func TestAdminService_UpdateGroup_PartialImagePricing(t *testing.T) {
 	require.InDelta(t, 0.15, *repo.updated.ImagePrice2K, 0.0001) // 原值保持
 	require.Nil(t, repo.updated.ImagePrice4K)
 }
+
+func TestAdminService_ListGroups_WithSearch(t *testing.T) {
+	// 测试：
+	// 1. search 参数正常传递到 repository 层
+	// 2. search 为空字符串时的行为
+	// 3. search 与其他过滤条件组合使用
+
+	t.Run("search 参数正常传递到 repository 层", func(t *testing.T) {
+		repo := &groupRepoStubForAdmin{
+			listWithFiltersGroups: []Group{{ID: 1, Name: "alpha"}},
+			listWithFiltersResult: &pagination.PaginationResult{Total: 1},
+		}
+		svc := &adminServiceImpl{groupRepo: repo}
+
+		groups, total, err := svc.ListGroups(context.Background(), 1, 20, "", "", "alpha", nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, int64(1), total)
+		require.Equal(t, []Group{{ID: 1, Name: "alpha"}}, groups)
+
+		require.Equal(t, 1, repo.listWithFiltersCalls)
+		require.Equal(t, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 20}, repo.listWithFiltersParams)
+		require.Equal(t, "alpha", repo.listWithFiltersSearch)
+		require.Nil(t, repo.listWithFiltersIsExclusive)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("search 为空字符串时传递空字符串", func(t *testing.T) {
+		repo := &groupRepoStubForAdmin{
+			listWithFiltersGroups: []Group{},
+			listWithFiltersResult: &pagination.PaginationResult{Total: 0},
+		}
+		svc := &adminServiceImpl{groupRepo: repo}
+
+		groups, total, err := svc.ListGroups(context.Background(), 2, 10, "", "", "", nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Empty(t, groups)
+		require.Equal(t, int64(0), total)
+
+		require.Equal(t, 1, repo.listWithFiltersCalls)
+		require.Equal(t, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 2, PageSize: 10}, repo.listWithFiltersParams)
+		require.Equal(t, "", repo.listWithFiltersSearch)
+		require.Nil(t, repo.listWithFiltersIsExclusive)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("search 与其他过滤条件组合使用", func(t *testing.T) {
+		isExclusive := true
+		repo := &groupRepoStubForAdmin{
+			listWithFiltersGroups: []Group{{ID: 2, Name: "beta"}},
+			listWithFiltersResult: &pagination.PaginationResult{Total: 42},
+		}
+		svc := &adminServiceImpl{groupRepo: repo}
+
+		groups, total, err := svc.ListGroups(context.Background(), 3, 50, PlatformAntigravity, StatusActive, "beta", &isExclusive)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, int64(42), total)
+		require.Equal(t, []Group{{ID: 2, Name: "beta"}}, groups)
+
+		require.Equal(t, 1, repo.listWithFiltersCalls)
+		require.Equal(t, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 3, PageSize: 50}, repo.listWithFiltersParams)
+		require.Equal(t, PlatformAntigravity, repo.listWithFiltersPlatform)
+		require.Equal(t, StatusActive, repo.listWithFiltersStatus)
+		require.Equal(t, "beta", repo.listWithFiltersSearch)
+		require.NotNil(t, repo.listWithFiltersIsExclusive)
+		require.True(t, *repo.listWithFiltersIsExclusive)
+	})
+}

backend/internal/service/admin_service_search_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+//go:build unit
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type accountRepoStubForAdminList struct {
+	accountRepoStub
+
+	listWithFiltersCalls    int
+	listWithFiltersParams   pagination.PaginationParams
+	listWithFiltersPlatform string
+	listWithFiltersType     string
+	listWithFiltersStatus   string
+	listWithFiltersSearch   string
+	listWithFiltersAccounts []Account
+	listWithFiltersResult   *pagination.PaginationResult
+	listWithFiltersErr      error
+}
+
+func (s *accountRepoStubForAdminList) ListWithFilters(_ context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, accountType, status, search string) ([]Account, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	s.listWithFiltersCalls++
+	s.listWithFiltersParams = params
+	s.listWithFiltersPlatform = platform
+	s.listWithFiltersType = accountType
+	s.listWithFiltersStatus = status
+	s.listWithFiltersSearch = search
+
+	if s.listWithFiltersErr != nil {
+		return nil, nil, s.listWithFiltersErr
+	}
+
+	result := s.listWithFiltersResult
+	if result == nil {
+		result = &pagination.PaginationResult{
+			Total:    int64(len(s.listWithFiltersAccounts)),
+			Page:     params.Page,
+			PageSize: params.PageSize,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return s.listWithFiltersAccounts, result, nil
+}
+
+type proxyRepoStubForAdminList struct {
+	proxyRepoStub
+
+	listWithFiltersCalls    int
+	listWithFiltersParams   pagination.PaginationParams
+	listWithFiltersProtocol string
+	listWithFiltersStatus   string
+	listWithFiltersSearch   string
+	listWithFiltersProxies  []Proxy
+	listWithFiltersResult   *pagination.PaginationResult
+	listWithFiltersErr      error
+
+	listWithFiltersAndAccountCountCalls    int
+	listWithFiltersAndAccountCountParams   pagination.PaginationParams
+	listWithFiltersAndAccountCountProtocol string
+	listWithFiltersAndAccountCountStatus   string
+	listWithFiltersAndAccountCountSearch   string
+	listWithFiltersAndAccountCountProxies  []ProxyWithAccountCount
+	listWithFiltersAndAccountCountResult   *pagination.PaginationResult
+	listWithFiltersAndAccountCountErr      error
+}
+
+func (s *proxyRepoStubForAdminList) ListWithFilters(_ context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, protocol, status, search string) ([]Proxy, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	s.listWithFiltersCalls++
+	s.listWithFiltersParams = params
+	s.listWithFiltersProtocol = protocol
+	s.listWithFiltersStatus = status
+	s.listWithFiltersSearch = search
+
+	if s.listWithFiltersErr != nil {
+		return nil, nil, s.listWithFiltersErr
+	}
+
+	result := s.listWithFiltersResult
+	if result == nil {
+		result = &pagination.PaginationResult{
+			Total:    int64(len(s.listWithFiltersProxies)),
+			Page:     params.Page,
+			PageSize: params.PageSize,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return s.listWithFiltersProxies, result, nil
+}
+
+func (s *proxyRepoStubForAdminList) ListWithFiltersAndAccountCount(_ context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, protocol, status, search string) ([]ProxyWithAccountCount, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	s.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountCalls++
+	s.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountParams = params
+	s.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountProtocol = protocol
+	s.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountStatus = status
+	s.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountSearch = search
+
+	if s.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountErr != nil {
+		return nil, nil, s.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountErr
+	}
+
+	result := s.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountResult
+	if result == nil {
+		result = &pagination.PaginationResult{
+			Total:    int64(len(s.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountProxies)),
+			Page:     params.Page,
+			PageSize: params.PageSize,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return s.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountProxies, result, nil
+}
+
+type redeemRepoStubForAdminList struct {
+	redeemRepoStub
+
+	listWithFiltersCalls  int
+	listWithFiltersParams pagination.PaginationParams
+	listWithFiltersType   string
+	listWithFiltersStatus string
+	listWithFiltersSearch string
+	listWithFiltersCodes  []RedeemCode
+	listWithFiltersResult *pagination.PaginationResult
+	listWithFiltersErr    error
+}
+
+func (s *redeemRepoStubForAdminList) ListWithFilters(_ context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, codeType, status, search string) ([]RedeemCode, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	s.listWithFiltersCalls++
+	s.listWithFiltersParams = params
+	s.listWithFiltersType = codeType
+	s.listWithFiltersStatus = status
+	s.listWithFiltersSearch = search
+
+	if s.listWithFiltersErr != nil {
+		return nil, nil, s.listWithFiltersErr
+	}
+
+	result := s.listWithFiltersResult
+	if result == nil {
+		result = &pagination.PaginationResult{
+			Total:    int64(len(s.listWithFiltersCodes)),
+			Page:     params.Page,
+			PageSize: params.PageSize,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return s.listWithFiltersCodes, result, nil
+}
+
+func TestAdminService_ListAccounts_WithSearch(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("search 参数正常传递到 repository 层", func(t *testing.T) {
+		repo := &accountRepoStubForAdminList{
+			listWithFiltersAccounts: []Account{{ID: 1, Name: "acc"}},
+			listWithFiltersResult:   &pagination.PaginationResult{Total: 10},
+		}
+		svc := &adminServiceImpl{accountRepo: repo}
+
+		accounts, total, err := svc.ListAccounts(context.Background(), 1, 20, PlatformGemini, AccountTypeOAuth, StatusActive, "acc")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, int64(10), total)
+		require.Equal(t, []Account{{ID: 1, Name: "acc"}}, accounts)
+
+		require.Equal(t, 1, repo.listWithFiltersCalls)
+		require.Equal(t, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 20}, repo.listWithFiltersParams)
+		require.Equal(t, PlatformGemini, repo.listWithFiltersPlatform)
+		require.Equal(t, AccountTypeOAuth, repo.listWithFiltersType)
+		require.Equal(t, StatusActive, repo.listWithFiltersStatus)
+		require.Equal(t, "acc", repo.listWithFiltersSearch)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestAdminService_ListProxies_WithSearch(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("search 参数正常传递到 repository 层", func(t *testing.T) {
+		repo := &proxyRepoStubForAdminList{
+			listWithFiltersProxies: []Proxy{{ID: 2, Name: "p1"}},
+			listWithFiltersResult:  &pagination.PaginationResult{Total: 7},
+		}
+		svc := &adminServiceImpl{proxyRepo: repo}
+
+		proxies, total, err := svc.ListProxies(context.Background(), 3, 50, "http", StatusActive, "p1")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, int64(7), total)
+		require.Equal(t, []Proxy{{ID: 2, Name: "p1"}}, proxies)
+
+		require.Equal(t, 1, repo.listWithFiltersCalls)
+		require.Equal(t, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 3, PageSize: 50}, repo.listWithFiltersParams)
+		require.Equal(t, "http", repo.listWithFiltersProtocol)
+		require.Equal(t, StatusActive, repo.listWithFiltersStatus)
+		require.Equal(t, "p1", repo.listWithFiltersSearch)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestAdminService_ListProxiesWithAccountCount_WithSearch(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("search 参数正常传递到 repository 层", func(t *testing.T) {
+		repo := &proxyRepoStubForAdminList{
+			listWithFiltersAndAccountCountProxies: []ProxyWithAccountCount{{Proxy: Proxy{ID: 3, Name: "p2"}, AccountCount: 5}},
+			listWithFiltersAndAccountCountResult:  &pagination.PaginationResult{Total: 9},
+		}
+		svc := &adminServiceImpl{proxyRepo: repo}
+
+		proxies, total, err := svc.ListProxiesWithAccountCount(context.Background(), 2, 10, "socks5", StatusDisabled, "p2")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, int64(9), total)
+		require.Equal(t, []ProxyWithAccountCount{{Proxy: Proxy{ID: 3, Name: "p2"}, AccountCount: 5}}, proxies)
+
+		require.Equal(t, 1, repo.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountCalls)
+		require.Equal(t, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 2, PageSize: 10}, repo.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountParams)
+		require.Equal(t, "socks5", repo.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountProtocol)
+		require.Equal(t, StatusDisabled, repo.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountStatus)
+		require.Equal(t, "p2", repo.listWithFiltersAndAccountCountSearch)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestAdminService_ListRedeemCodes_WithSearch(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("search 参数正常传递到 repository 层", func(t *testing.T) {
+		repo := &redeemRepoStubForAdminList{
+			listWithFiltersCodes:  []RedeemCode{{ID: 4, Code: "ABC"}},
+			listWithFiltersResult: &pagination.PaginationResult{Total: 3},
+		}
+		svc := &adminServiceImpl{redeemCodeRepo: repo}
+
+		codes, total, err := svc.ListRedeemCodes(context.Background(), 1, 20, RedeemTypeBalance, StatusUnused, "ABC")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, int64(3), total)
+		require.Equal(t, []RedeemCode{{ID: 4, Code: "ABC"}}, codes)
+
+		require.Equal(t, 1, repo.listWithFiltersCalls)
+		require.Equal(t, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 20}, repo.listWithFiltersParams)
+		require.Equal(t, RedeemTypeBalance, repo.listWithFiltersType)
+		require.Equal(t, StatusUnused, repo.listWithFiltersStatus)
+		require.Equal(t, "ABC", repo.listWithFiltersSearch)
+	})
+}

backend/internal/service/antigravity_gateway_service.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"log"
 	mathrand "math/rand"
+	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 	"sync/atomic"
@@ -27,6 +28,32 @@ const (
 	antigravityRetryMaxDelay    = 16 * time.Second
 )
 
+// isAntigravityConnectionError 判断是否为连接错误（网络超时、DNS 失败、连接拒绝）
+func isAntigravityConnectionError(err error) bool {
+	if err == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// 检查超时错误
+	var netErr net.Error
+	if errors.As(err, &netErr) && netErr.Timeout() {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// 检查连接错误（DNS 失败、连接拒绝）
+	var opErr *net.OpError
+	return errors.As(err, &opErr)
+}
+
+// shouldAntigravityFallbackToNextURL 判断是否应切换到下一个 URL
+// 仅连接错误和 HTTP 429 触发 URL 降级
+func shouldAntigravityFallbackToNextURL(err error, statusCode int) bool {
+	if isAntigravityConnectionError(err) {
+		return true
+	}
+	return statusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests
+}
+
 // getSessionID 从 gin.Context 获取 session_id（用于日志追踪）
 func getSessionID(c *gin.Context) string {
 	if c == nil {
@@ -181,45 +208,70 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) TestConnection(ctx context.Context, account
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("构建请求失败: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// 构建 HTTP 请求（总是使用流式 endpoint，与官方客户端一致）
-	req, err := antigravity.NewAPIRequest(ctx, "streamGenerateContent", accessToken, requestBody)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// 调试日志：Test 请求信息
-	log.Printf("[antigravity-Test] account=%s request_size=%d url=%s", account.Name, len(requestBody), req.URL.String())
-
 	// 代理 URL
 	proxyURL := ""
 	if account.ProxyID != nil && account.Proxy != nil {
 		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
 	}
 
-	// 发送请求
-	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(req, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("请求失败: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
-
-	// 读取响应
-	respBody, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("读取响应失败: %w", err)
+	// URL fallback 循环
+	availableURLs := antigravity.DefaultURLAvailability.GetAvailableURLs()
+	if len(availableURLs) == 0 {
+		availableURLs = antigravity.BaseURLs // 所有 URL 都不可用时，重试所有
 	}
 
-	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("API 返回 %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBody))
+	var lastErr error
+	for urlIdx, baseURL := range availableURLs {
+		// 构建 HTTP 请求（总是使用流式 endpoint，与官方客户端一致）
+		req, err := antigravity.NewAPIRequestWithURL(ctx, baseURL, "streamGenerateContent", accessToken, requestBody)
+		if err != nil {
+			lastErr = err
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// 调试日志：Test 请求信息
+		log.Printf("[antigravity-Test] account=%s request_size=%d url=%s", account.Name, len(requestBody), req.URL.String())
+
+		// 发送请求
+		resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(req, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
+		if err != nil {
+			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("请求失败: %w", err)
+			if shouldAntigravityFallbackToNextURL(err, 0) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
+				antigravity.DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
+				log.Printf("[antigravity-Test] URL fallback: %s -> %s", baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1])
+				continue
+			}
+			return nil, lastErr
+		}
+
+		// 读取响应
+		respBody, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+		_ = resp.Body.Close() // 立即关闭，避免循环内 defer 导致的资源泄漏
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("读取响应失败: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// 检查是否需要 URL 降级
+		if shouldAntigravityFallbackToNextURL(nil, resp.StatusCode) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
+			antigravity.DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
+			log.Printf("[antigravity-Test] URL fallback (HTTP %d): %s -> %s", resp.StatusCode, baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1])
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("API 返回 %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBody))
+		}
+
+		// 解析流式响应，提取文本
+		text := extractTextFromSSEResponse(respBody)
+
+		return &TestConnectionResult{
+			Text:        text,
+			MappedModel: mappedModel,
+		}, nil
 	}
 
-	// 解析流式响应，提取文本
-	text := extractTextFromSSEResponse(respBody)
-
-	return &TestConnectionResult{
-		Text:        text,
-		MappedModel: mappedModel,
-	}, nil
+	return nil, lastErr
 }
 
 // buildGeminiTestRequest 构建 Gemini 格式测试请求
@@ -484,62 +536,86 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context,
 	// 如果客户端请求非流式，在响应处理阶段会收集完整流式响应后转换返回
 	action := "streamGenerateContent"
 
+	// URL fallback 循环
+	availableURLs := antigravity.DefaultURLAvailability.GetAvailableURLs()
+	if len(availableURLs) == 0 {
+		availableURLs = antigravity.BaseURLs // 所有 URL 都不可用时，重试所有
+	}
+
 	// 重试循环
 	var resp *http.Response
-	for attempt := 1; attempt <= antigravityMaxRetries; attempt++ {
-		// 检查 context 是否已取消（客户端断开连接）
-		select {
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			log.Printf("%s status=context_canceled error=%v", prefix, ctx.Err())
-			return nil, ctx.Err()
-		default:
-		}
+urlFallbackLoop:
+	for urlIdx, baseURL := range availableURLs {
+		for attempt := 1; attempt <= antigravityMaxRetries; attempt++ {
+			// 检查 context 是否已取消（客户端断开连接）
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				log.Printf("%s status=context_canceled error=%v", prefix, ctx.Err())
+				return nil, ctx.Err()
+			default:
+			}
 
-		upstreamReq, err := antigravity.NewAPIRequest(ctx, action, accessToken, geminiBody)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
+			upstreamReq, err := antigravity.NewAPIRequestWithURL(ctx, baseURL, action, accessToken, geminiBody)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
 
-		resp, err = s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
-		if err != nil {
-			if attempt < antigravityMaxRetries {
-				log.Printf("%s status=request_failed retry=%d/%d error=%v", prefix, attempt, antigravityMaxRetries, err)
-				if !sleepAntigravityBackoffWithContext(ctx, attempt) {
-					log.Printf("%s status=context_canceled_during_backoff", prefix)
-					return nil, ctx.Err()
+			resp, err = s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
+			if err != nil {
+				// 检查是否应触发 URL 降级
+				if shouldAntigravityFallbackToNextURL(err, 0) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
+					antigravity.DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
+					log.Printf("%s URL fallback (connection error): %s -> %s", prefix, baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1])
+					continue urlFallbackLoop
 				}
-				continue
-			}
-			log.Printf("%s status=request_failed retries_exhausted error=%v", prefix, err)
-			return nil, s.writeClaudeError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "upstream_error", "Upstream request failed after retries")
-		}
-
-		if resp.StatusCode >= 400 && s.shouldRetryUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
-			respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
-			_ = resp.Body.Close()
-
-			if attempt < antigravityMaxRetries {
-				log.Printf("%s status=%d retry=%d/%d body=%s", prefix, resp.StatusCode, attempt, antigravityMaxRetries, truncateForLog(respBody, 500))
-				if !sleepAntigravityBackoffWithContext(ctx, attempt) {
-					log.Printf("%s status=context_canceled_during_backoff", prefix)
-					return nil, ctx.Err()
+				if attempt < antigravityMaxRetries {
+					log.Printf("%s status=request_failed retry=%d/%d error=%v", prefix, attempt, antigravityMaxRetries, err)
+					if !sleepAntigravityBackoffWithContext(ctx, attempt) {
+						log.Printf("%s status=context_canceled_during_backoff", prefix)
+						return nil, ctx.Err()
+					}
+					continue
 				}
-				continue
+				log.Printf("%s status=request_failed retries_exhausted error=%v", prefix, err)
+				return nil, s.writeClaudeError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "upstream_error", "Upstream request failed after retries")
 			}
-			// 所有重试都失败，标记限流状态
-			if resp.StatusCode == 429 {
-				s.handleUpstreamError(ctx, prefix, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, respBody)
-			}
-			// 最后一次尝试也失败
-			resp = &http.Response{
-				StatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
-				Header:     resp.Header.Clone(),
-				Body:       io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(respBody)),
-			}
-			break
-		}
 
-		break
+			// 检查是否应触发 URL 降级（仅 429）
+			if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
+				respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+				_ = resp.Body.Close()
+				antigravity.DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
+				log.Printf("%s URL fallback (HTTP 429): %s -> %s body=%s", prefix, baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1], truncateForLog(respBody, 200))
+				continue urlFallbackLoop
+			}
+
+			if resp.StatusCode >= 400 && s.shouldRetryUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
+				respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+				_ = resp.Body.Close()
+
+				if attempt < antigravityMaxRetries {
+					log.Printf("%s status=%d retry=%d/%d body=%s", prefix, resp.StatusCode, attempt, antigravityMaxRetries, truncateForLog(respBody, 500))
+					if !sleepAntigravityBackoffWithContext(ctx, attempt) {
+						log.Printf("%s status=context_canceled_during_backoff", prefix)
+						return nil, ctx.Err()
+					}
+					continue
+				}
+				// 所有重试都失败，标记限流状态
+				if resp.StatusCode == 429 {
+					s.handleUpstreamError(ctx, prefix, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, respBody)
+				}
+				// 最后一次尝试也失败
+				resp = &http.Response{
+					StatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+					Header:     resp.Header.Clone(),
+					Body:       io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(respBody)),
+				}
+				break urlFallbackLoop
+			}
+
+			break urlFallbackLoop
+		}
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
 
@@ -1003,61 +1079,85 @@ func (s *AntigravityGatewayService) ForwardGemini(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Co
 	// 如果客户端请求非流式，在响应处理阶段会收集完整流式响应后返回
 	upstreamAction := "streamGenerateContent"
 
+	// URL fallback 循环
+	availableURLs := antigravity.DefaultURLAvailability.GetAvailableURLs()
+	if len(availableURLs) == 0 {
+		availableURLs = antigravity.BaseURLs // 所有 URL 都不可用时，重试所有
+	}
+
 	// 重试循环
 	var resp *http.Response
-	for attempt := 1; attempt <= antigravityMaxRetries; attempt++ {
-		// 检查 context 是否已取消（客户端断开连接）
-		select {
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			log.Printf("%s status=context_canceled error=%v", prefix, ctx.Err())
-			return nil, ctx.Err()
-		default:
-		}
+urlFallbackLoop:
+	for urlIdx, baseURL := range availableURLs {
+		for attempt := 1; attempt <= antigravityMaxRetries; attempt++ {
+			// 检查 context 是否已取消（客户端断开连接）
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				log.Printf("%s status=context_canceled error=%v", prefix, ctx.Err())
+				return nil, ctx.Err()
+			default:
+			}
 
-		upstreamReq, err := antigravity.NewAPIRequest(ctx, upstreamAction, accessToken, wrappedBody)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
+			upstreamReq, err := antigravity.NewAPIRequestWithURL(ctx, baseURL, upstreamAction, accessToken, wrappedBody)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
 
-		resp, err = s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
-		if err != nil {
-			if attempt < antigravityMaxRetries {
-				log.Printf("%s status=request_failed retry=%d/%d error=%v", prefix, attempt, antigravityMaxRetries, err)
-				if !sleepAntigravityBackoffWithContext(ctx, attempt) {
-					log.Printf("%s status=context_canceled_during_backoff", prefix)
-					return nil, ctx.Err()
+			resp, err = s.httpUpstream.Do(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency)
+			if err != nil {
+				// 检查是否应触发 URL 降级
+				if shouldAntigravityFallbackToNextURL(err, 0) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
+					antigravity.DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
+					log.Printf("%s URL fallback (connection error): %s -> %s", prefix, baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1])
+					continue urlFallbackLoop
 				}
-				continue
-			}
-			log.Printf("%s status=request_failed retries_exhausted error=%v", prefix, err)
-			return nil, s.writeGoogleError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "Upstream request failed after retries")
-		}
-
-		if resp.StatusCode >= 400 && s.shouldRetryUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
-			respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
-			_ = resp.Body.Close()
-
-			if attempt < antigravityMaxRetries {
-				log.Printf("%s status=%d retry=%d/%d", prefix, resp.StatusCode, attempt, antigravityMaxRetries)
-				if !sleepAntigravityBackoffWithContext(ctx, attempt) {
-					log.Printf("%s status=context_canceled_during_backoff", prefix)
-					return nil, ctx.Err()
+				if attempt < antigravityMaxRetries {
+					log.Printf("%s status=request_failed retry=%d/%d error=%v", prefix, attempt, antigravityMaxRetries, err)
+					if !sleepAntigravityBackoffWithContext(ctx, attempt) {
+						log.Printf("%s status=context_canceled_during_backoff", prefix)
+						return nil, ctx.Err()
+					}
+					continue
 				}
-				continue
+				log.Printf("%s status=request_failed retries_exhausted error=%v", prefix, err)
+				return nil, s.writeGoogleError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "Upstream request failed after retries")
 			}
-			// 所有重试都失败，标记限流状态
-			if resp.StatusCode == 429 {
-				s.handleUpstreamError(ctx, prefix, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, respBody)
-			}
-			resp = &http.Response{
-				StatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
-				Header:     resp.Header.Clone(),
-				Body:       io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(respBody)),
-			}
-			break
-		}
 
-		break
+			// 检查是否应触发 URL 降级（仅 429）
+			if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
+				respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+				_ = resp.Body.Close()
+				antigravity.DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
+				log.Printf("%s URL fallback (HTTP 429): %s -> %s body=%s", prefix, baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1], truncateForLog(respBody, 200))
+				continue urlFallbackLoop
+			}
+
+			if resp.StatusCode >= 400 && s.shouldRetryUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
+				respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+				_ = resp.Body.Close()
+
+				if attempt < antigravityMaxRetries {
+					log.Printf("%s status=%d retry=%d/%d", prefix, resp.StatusCode, attempt, antigravityMaxRetries)
+					if !sleepAntigravityBackoffWithContext(ctx, attempt) {
+						log.Printf("%s status=context_canceled_during_backoff", prefix)
+						return nil, ctx.Err()
+					}
+					continue
+				}
+				// 所有重试都失败，标记限流状态
+				if resp.StatusCode == 429 {
+					s.handleUpstreamError(ctx, prefix, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, respBody)
+				}
+				resp = &http.Response{
+					StatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+					Header:     resp.Header.Clone(),
+					Body:       io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(respBody)),
+				}
+				break urlFallbackLoop
+			}
+
+			break urlFallbackLoop
+		}
 	}
 	defer func() {
 		if resp != nil && resp.Body != nil {

backend/internal/service/auth_service.go

@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@ package service
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
+	"net/mail"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
@@ -18,6 +22,7 @@ var (
 	ErrInvalidCredentials  = infraerrors.Unauthorized("INVALID_CREDENTIALS", "invalid email or password")
 	ErrUserNotActive       = infraerrors.Forbidden("USER_NOT_ACTIVE", "user is not active")
 	ErrEmailExists         = infraerrors.Conflict("EMAIL_EXISTS", "email already exists")
+	ErrEmailReserved       = infraerrors.BadRequest("EMAIL_RESERVED", "email is reserved")
 	ErrInvalidToken        = infraerrors.Unauthorized("INVALID_TOKEN", "invalid token")
 	ErrTokenExpired        = infraerrors.Unauthorized("TOKEN_EXPIRED", "token has expired")
 	ErrTokenTooLarge       = infraerrors.BadRequest("TOKEN_TOO_LARGE", "token too large")
@@ -75,21 +80,30 @@ func (s *AuthService) Register(ctx context.Context, email, password string) (str
 
 // RegisterWithVerification 用户注册（支持邮件验证），返回token和用户
 func (s *AuthService) RegisterWithVerification(ctx context.Context, email, password, verifyCode string) (string, *User, error) {
-	// 检查是否开放注册
-	if s.settingService != nil && !s.settingService.IsRegistrationEnabled(ctx) {
+	// 检查是否开放注册（默认关闭：settingService 未配置时不允许注册）
+	if s.settingService == nil || !s.settingService.IsRegistrationEnabled(ctx) {
 		return "", nil, ErrRegDisabled
 	}
 
+	// 防止用户注册 LinuxDo OAuth 合成邮箱，避免第三方登录与本地账号发生碰撞。
+	if isReservedEmail(email) {
+		return "", nil, ErrEmailReserved
+	}
+
 	// 检查是否需要邮件验证
 	if s.settingService != nil && s.settingService.IsEmailVerifyEnabled(ctx) {
+		// 如果邮件验证已开启但邮件服务未配置，拒绝注册
+		// 这是一个配置错误，不应该允许绕过验证
+		if s.emailService == nil {
+			log.Println("[Auth] Email verification enabled but email service not configured, rejecting registration")
+			return "", nil, ErrServiceUnavailable
+		}
 		if verifyCode == "" {
 			return "", nil, ErrEmailVerifyRequired
 		}
 		// 验证邮箱验证码
-		if s.emailService != nil {
-			if err := s.emailService.VerifyCode(ctx, email, verifyCode); err != nil {
-				return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("verify code: %w", err)
-			}
+		if err := s.emailService.VerifyCode(ctx, email, verifyCode); err != nil {
+			return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("verify code: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -128,6 +142,10 @@ func (s *AuthService) RegisterWithVerification(ctx context.Context, email, passw
 	}
 
 	if err := s.userRepo.Create(ctx, user); err != nil {
+		// 优先检查邮箱冲突错误（竞态条件下可能发生）
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrEmailExists) {
+			return "", nil, ErrEmailExists
+		}
 		log.Printf("[Auth] Database error creating user: %v", err)
 		return "", nil, ErrServiceUnavailable
 	}
@@ -148,11 +166,15 @@ type SendVerifyCodeResult struct {
 
 // SendVerifyCode 发送邮箱验证码（同步方式）
 func (s *AuthService) SendVerifyCode(ctx context.Context, email string) error {
-	// 检查是否开放注册
-	if s.settingService != nil && !s.settingService.IsRegistrationEnabled(ctx) {
+	// 检查是否开放注册（默认关闭）
+	if s.settingService == nil || !s.settingService.IsRegistrationEnabled(ctx) {
 		return ErrRegDisabled
 	}
 
+	if isReservedEmail(email) {
+		return ErrEmailReserved
+	}
+
 	// 检查邮箱是否已存在
 	existsEmail, err := s.userRepo.ExistsByEmail(ctx, email)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -181,12 +203,16 @@ func (s *AuthService) SendVerifyCode(ctx context.Context, email string) error {
 func (s *AuthService) SendVerifyCodeAsync(ctx context.Context, email string) (*SendVerifyCodeResult, error) {
 	log.Printf("[Auth] SendVerifyCodeAsync called for email: %s", email)
 
-	// 检查是否开放注册
-	if s.settingService != nil && !s.settingService.IsRegistrationEnabled(ctx) {
+	// 检查是否开放注册（默认关闭）
+	if s.settingService == nil || !s.settingService.IsRegistrationEnabled(ctx) {
 		log.Println("[Auth] Registration is disabled")
 		return nil, ErrRegDisabled
 	}
 
+	if isReservedEmail(email) {
+		return nil, ErrEmailReserved
+	}
+
 	// 检查邮箱是否已存在
 	existsEmail, err := s.userRepo.ExistsByEmail(ctx, email)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -266,7 +292,7 @@ func (s *AuthService) IsTurnstileEnabled(ctx context.Context) bool {
 // IsRegistrationEnabled 检查是否开放注册
 func (s *AuthService) IsRegistrationEnabled(ctx context.Context) bool {
 	if s.settingService == nil {
-		return true
+		return false // 安全默认：settingService 未配置时关闭注册
 	}
 	return s.settingService.IsRegistrationEnabled(ctx)
 }
@@ -311,6 +337,102 @@ func (s *AuthService) Login(ctx context.Context, email, password string) (string
 	return token, user, nil
 }
 
+// LoginOrRegisterOAuth 用于第三方 OAuth/SSO 登录：
+// - 如果邮箱已存在：直接登录（不需要本地密码）
+// - 如果邮箱不存在：创建新用户并登录
+//
+// 注意：该函数用于“终端用户登录 Sub2API 本身”的场景（不同于上游账号的 OAuth，例如 OpenAI/Gemini）。
+// 为了满足现有数据库约束（需要密码哈希），新用户会生成随机密码并进行哈希保存。
+func (s *AuthService) LoginOrRegisterOAuth(ctx context.Context, email, username string) (string, *User, error) {
+	email = strings.TrimSpace(email)
+	if email == "" || len(email) > 255 {
+		return "", nil, infraerrors.BadRequest("INVALID_EMAIL", "invalid email")
+	}
+	if _, err := mail.ParseAddress(email); err != nil {
+		return "", nil, infraerrors.BadRequest("INVALID_EMAIL", "invalid email")
+	}
+
+	username = strings.TrimSpace(username)
+	if len([]rune(username)) > 100 {
+		username = string([]rune(username)[:100])
+	}
+
+	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByEmail(ctx, email)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrUserNotFound) {
+			// OAuth 首次登录视为注册。
+			if s.settingService != nil && !s.settingService.IsRegistrationEnabled(ctx) {
+				return "", nil, ErrRegDisabled
+			}
+
+			randomPassword, err := randomHexString(32)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Printf("[Auth] Failed to generate random password for oauth signup: %v", err)
+				return "", nil, ErrServiceUnavailable
+			}
+			hashedPassword, err := s.HashPassword(randomPassword)
+			if err != nil {
+				return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("hash password: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			// 新用户默认值。
+			defaultBalance := s.cfg.Default.UserBalance
+			defaultConcurrency := s.cfg.Default.UserConcurrency
+			if s.settingService != nil {
+				defaultBalance = s.settingService.GetDefaultBalance(ctx)
+				defaultConcurrency = s.settingService.GetDefaultConcurrency(ctx)
+			}
+
+			newUser := &User{
+				Email:        email,
+				Username:     username,
+				PasswordHash: hashedPassword,
+				Role:         RoleUser,
+				Balance:      defaultBalance,
+				Concurrency:  defaultConcurrency,
+				Status:       StatusActive,
+			}
+
+			if err := s.userRepo.Create(ctx, newUser); err != nil {
+				if errors.Is(err, ErrEmailExists) {
+					// 并发场景：GetByEmail 与 Create 之间用户被创建。
+					user, err = s.userRepo.GetByEmail(ctx, email)
+					if err != nil {
+						log.Printf("[Auth] Database error getting user after conflict: %v", err)
+						return "", nil, ErrServiceUnavailable
+					}
+				} else {
+					log.Printf("[Auth] Database error creating oauth user: %v", err)
+					return "", nil, ErrServiceUnavailable
+				}
+			} else {
+				user = newUser
+			}
+		} else {
+			log.Printf("[Auth] Database error during oauth login: %v", err)
+			return "", nil, ErrServiceUnavailable
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !user.IsActive() {
+		return "", nil, ErrUserNotActive
+	}
+
+	// 尽力补全：当用户名为空时，使用第三方返回的用户名回填。
+	if user.Username == "" && username != "" {
+		user.Username = username
+		if err := s.userRepo.Update(ctx, user); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[Auth] Failed to update username after oauth login: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	token, err := s.GenerateToken(user)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("generate token: %w", err)
+	}
+	return token, user, nil
+}
+
 // ValidateToken 验证JWT token并返回用户声明
 func (s *AuthService) ValidateToken(tokenString string) (*JWTClaims, error) {
 	// 先做长度校验，尽早拒绝异常超长 token，降低 DoS 风险。
@@ -336,6 +458,11 @@ func (s *AuthService) ValidateToken(tokenString string) (*JWTClaims, error) {
 
 	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, jwt.ErrTokenExpired) {
+			// token 过期但仍返回 claims（用于 RefreshToken 等场景）
+			// jwt-go 在解析时即使遇到过期错误，token.Claims 仍会被填充
+			if claims, ok := token.Claims.(*JWTClaims); ok {
+				return claims, ErrTokenExpired
+			}
 			return nil, ErrTokenExpired
 		}
 		return nil, ErrInvalidToken
@@ -348,6 +475,22 @@ func (s *AuthService) ValidateToken(tokenString string) (*JWTClaims, error) {
 	return nil, ErrInvalidToken
 }
 
+func randomHexString(byteLength int) (string, error) {
+	if byteLength <= 0 {
+		byteLength = 16
+	}
+	buf := make([]byte, byteLength)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(buf); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return hex.EncodeToString(buf), nil
+}
+
+func isReservedEmail(email string) bool {
+	normalized := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(email))
+	return strings.HasSuffix(normalized, LinuxDoConnectSyntheticEmailDomain)
+}
+
 // GenerateToken 生成JWT token
 func (s *AuthService) GenerateToken(user *User) (string, error) {
 	now := time.Now()

backend/internal/service/auth_service_register_test.go

@@ -113,13 +113,36 @@ func TestAuthService_Register_Disabled(t *testing.T) {
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrRegDisabled)
 }
 
-func TestAuthService_Register_EmailVerifyRequired(t *testing.T) {
+func TestAuthService_Register_DisabledByDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	// 当 settings 为 nil（设置项不存在）时，注册应该默认关闭
 	repo := &userRepoStub{}
+	service := newAuthService(repo, nil, nil)
+
+	_, _, err := service.Register(context.Background(), "user@test.com", "password")
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrRegDisabled)
+}
+
+func TestAuthService_Register_EmailVerifyEnabledButServiceNotConfigured(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userRepoStub{}
+	// 邮件验证开启但 emailCache 为 nil（emailService 未配置）
 	service := newAuthService(repo, map[string]string{
 		SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled: "true",
 		SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled:  "true",
 	}, nil)
 
+	// 应返回服务不可用错误，而不是允许绕过验证
+	_, _, err := service.RegisterWithVerification(context.Background(), "user@test.com", "password", "any-code")
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrServiceUnavailable)
+}
+
+func TestAuthService_Register_EmailVerifyRequired(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userRepoStub{}
+	cache := &emailCacheStub{} // 配置 emailService
+	service := newAuthService(repo, map[string]string{
+		SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled: "true",
+		SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled:  "true",
+	}, cache)
+
 	_, _, err := service.RegisterWithVerification(context.Background(), "user@test.com", "password", "")
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrEmailVerifyRequired)
 }
@@ -141,7 +164,9 @@ func TestAuthService_Register_EmailVerifyInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestAuthService_Register_EmailExists(t *testing.T) {
 	repo := &userRepoStub{exists: true}
-	service := newAuthService(repo, nil, nil)
+	service := newAuthService(repo, map[string]string{
+		SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled: "true",
+	}, nil)
 
 	_, _, err := service.Register(context.Background(), "user@test.com", "password")
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrEmailExists)
@@ -149,23 +174,50 @@ func TestAuthService_Register_EmailExists(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestAuthService_Register_CheckEmailError(t *testing.T) {
 	repo := &userRepoStub{existsErr: errors.New("db down")}
-	service := newAuthService(repo, nil, nil)
+	service := newAuthService(repo, map[string]string{
+		SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled: "true",
+	}, nil)
 
 	_, _, err := service.Register(context.Background(), "user@test.com", "password")
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrServiceUnavailable)
 }
 
+func TestAuthService_Register_ReservedEmail(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userRepoStub{}
+	service := newAuthService(repo, map[string]string{
+		SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled: "true",
+	}, nil)
+
+	_, _, err := service.Register(context.Background(), "linuxdo-123@linuxdo-connect.invalid", "password")
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrEmailReserved)
+}
+
 func TestAuthService_Register_CreateError(t *testing.T) {
 	repo := &userRepoStub{createErr: errors.New("create failed")}
-	service := newAuthService(repo, nil, nil)
+	service := newAuthService(repo, map[string]string{
+		SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled: "true",
+	}, nil)
 
 	_, _, err := service.Register(context.Background(), "user@test.com", "password")
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrServiceUnavailable)
 }
 
+func TestAuthService_Register_CreateEmailExistsRace(t *testing.T) {
+	// 模拟竞态条件：ExistsByEmail 返回 false，但 Create 时因唯一约束失败
+	repo := &userRepoStub{createErr: ErrEmailExists}
+	service := newAuthService(repo, map[string]string{
+		SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled: "true",
+	}, nil)
+
+	_, _, err := service.Register(context.Background(), "user@test.com", "password")
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrEmailExists)
+}
+
 func TestAuthService_Register_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	repo := &userRepoStub{nextID: 5}
-	service := newAuthService(repo, nil, nil)
+	service := newAuthService(repo, map[string]string{
+		SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled: "true",
+	}, nil)
 
 	token, user, err := service.Register(context.Background(), "user@test.com", "password")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -180,3 +232,63 @@ func TestAuthService_Register_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Len(t, repo.created, 1)
 	require.True(t, user.CheckPassword("password"))
 }
+
+func TestAuthService_ValidateToken_ExpiredReturnsClaimsWithError(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := &userRepoStub{}
+	service := newAuthService(repo, nil, nil)
+
+	// 创建用户并生成 token
+	user := &User{
+		ID:           1,
+		Email:        "test@test.com",
+		Role:         RoleUser,
+		Status:       StatusActive,
+		TokenVersion: 1,
+	}
+	token, err := service.GenerateToken(user)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// 验证有效 token
+	claims, err := service.ValidateToken(token)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, claims)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), claims.UserID)
+
+	// 模拟过期 token（通过创建一个过期很久的 token）
+	service.cfg.JWT.ExpireHour = -1 // 设置为负数使 token 立即过期
+	expiredToken, err := service.GenerateToken(user)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	service.cfg.JWT.ExpireHour = 1 // 恢复
+
+	// 验证过期 token 应返回 claims 和 ErrTokenExpired
+	claims, err = service.ValidateToken(expiredToken)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrTokenExpired)
+	require.NotNil(t, claims, "claims should not be nil when token is expired")
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), claims.UserID)
+	require.Equal(t, "test@test.com", claims.Email)
+}
+
+func TestAuthService_RefreshToken_ExpiredTokenNoPanic(t *testing.T) {
+	user := &User{
+		ID:           1,
+		Email:        "test@test.com",
+		Role:         RoleUser,
+		Status:       StatusActive,
+		TokenVersion: 1,
+	}
+	repo := &userRepoStub{user: user}
+	service := newAuthService(repo, nil, nil)
+
+	// 创建过期 token
+	service.cfg.JWT.ExpireHour = -1
+	expiredToken, err := service.GenerateToken(user)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	service.cfg.JWT.ExpireHour = 1
+
+	// RefreshToken 使用过期 token 不应 panic
+	require.NotPanics(t, func() {
+		newToken, err := service.RefreshToken(context.Background(), expiredToken)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotEmpty(t, newToken)
+	})
+}

backend/internal/service/domain_constants.go

@@ -105,7 +105,17 @@ const (
 	// Request identity patch (Claude -> Gemini systemInstruction injection)
 	SettingKeyEnableIdentityPatch = "enable_identity_patch"
 	SettingKeyIdentityPatchPrompt = "identity_patch_prompt"
+
+	// LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录（终端用户 SSO）
+	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectEnabled      = "linuxdo_connect_enabled"
+	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientID     = "linuxdo_connect_client_id"
+	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientSecret = "linuxdo_connect_client_secret"
+	SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectRedirectURL  = "linuxdo_connect_redirect_url"
 )
 
+// LinuxDoConnectSyntheticEmailDomain 是 LinuxDo Connect 用户的合成邮箱后缀（RFC 保留域名）。
+// 目的：避免第三方登录返回的用户标识与本地真实邮箱发生碰撞，进而造成账号被接管的风险。
+const LinuxDoConnectSyntheticEmailDomain = "@linuxdo-connect.invalid"
+
 // AdminAPIKeyPrefix is the prefix for admin API keys (distinct from user "sk-" keys).
 const AdminAPIKeyPrefix = "admin-"

backend/internal/service/email_service.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"crypto/tls"
 	"fmt"
+	"log"
 	"math/big"
 	"net/smtp"
 	"strconv"
@@ -256,7 +257,9 @@ func (s *EmailService) VerifyCode(ctx context.Context, email, code string) error
 	// 验证码不匹配
 	if data.Code != code {
 		data.Attempts++
-		_ = s.cache.SetVerificationCode(ctx, email, data, verifyCodeTTL)
+		if err := s.cache.SetVerificationCode(ctx, email, data, verifyCodeTTL); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[Email] Failed to update verification attempt count: %v", err)
+		}
 		if data.Attempts >= maxVerifyCodeAttempts {
 			return ErrVerifyCodeMaxAttempts
 		}
@@ -264,7 +267,9 @@ func (s *EmailService) VerifyCode(ctx context.Context, email, code string) error
 	}
 
 	// 验证成功，删除验证码
-	_ = s.cache.DeleteVerificationCode(ctx, email)
+	if err := s.cache.DeleteVerificationCode(ctx, email); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[Email] Failed to delete verification code after success: %v", err)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 

backend/internal/service/gemini_multiplatform_test.go

@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ func (m *mockGroupRepoForGemini) DeleteCascade(ctx context.Context, id int64) ([
 func (m *mockGroupRepoForGemini) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return nil, nil, nil
 }
-func (m *mockGroupRepoForGemini) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (m *mockGroupRepoForGemini) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, status, search string, isExclusive *bool) ([]Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return nil, nil, nil
 }
 func (m *mockGroupRepoForGemini) ListActive(ctx context.Context) ([]Group, error) { return nil, nil }

backend/internal/service/gemini_oauth_service.go

@@ -120,15 +120,16 @@ func (s *GeminiOAuthService) GenerateAuthURL(ctx context.Context, proxyID *int64
 	}
 
 	// OAuth client selection:
-	// - code_assist: always use built-in Gemini CLI OAuth client (public), regardless of configured client_id/secret.
-	// - google_one: uses configured OAuth client when provided; otherwise falls back to built-in client.
-	// - ai_studio: requires a user-provided OAuth client.
+	// - code_assist: always use built-in Gemini CLI OAuth client (public)
+	// - google_one: always use built-in Gemini CLI OAuth client (public)
+	// - ai_studio: requires a user-provided OAuth client
 	oauthCfg := geminicli.OAuthConfig{
 		ClientID:     s.cfg.Gemini.OAuth.ClientID,
 		ClientSecret: s.cfg.Gemini.OAuth.ClientSecret,
 		Scopes:       s.cfg.Gemini.OAuth.Scopes,
 	}
-	if oauthType == "code_assist" {
+	if oauthType == "code_assist" || oauthType == "google_one" {
+		// Force use of built-in Gemini CLI OAuth client
 		oauthCfg.ClientID = ""
 		oauthCfg.ClientSecret = ""
 	}
@@ -576,6 +577,20 @@ func (s *GeminiOAuthService) ExchangeCode(ctx context.Context, input *GeminiExch
 
 	case "google_one":
 		log.Printf("[GeminiOAuth] Processing google_one OAuth type")
+
+		// Google One accounts use cloudaicompanion API, which requires a project_id.
+		// For personal accounts, Google auto-assigns a project_id via the LoadCodeAssist API.
+		if projectID == "" {
+			log.Printf("[GeminiOAuth] No project_id provided, attempting to fetch from LoadCodeAssist API...")
+			var err error
+			projectID, _, err = s.fetchProjectID(ctx, tokenResp.AccessToken, proxyURL)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Printf("[GeminiOAuth] ERROR: Failed to fetch project_id: %v", err)
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("google One accounts require a project_id, failed to auto-detect: %w", err)
+			}
+			log.Printf("[GeminiOAuth] Successfully fetched project_id: %s", projectID)
+		}
+
 		log.Printf("[GeminiOAuth] Attempting to fetch Google One tier from Drive API...")
 		// Attempt to fetch Drive storage tier
 		var storageInfo *geminicli.DriveStorageInfo

backend/internal/service/gemini_oauth_service_test.go

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func TestGeminiOAuthService_GenerateAuthURL_RedirectURIStrategy(t *testing.T) {
 			wantProjectID: "",
 		},
 		{
-			name: "google_one uses custom client when configured and redirects to localhost",
+			name: "google_one always forces built-in client even when custom client configured",
 			cfg: &config.Config{
 				Gemini: config.GeminiConfig{
 					OAuth: config.GeminiOAuthConfig{
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ func TestGeminiOAuthService_GenerateAuthURL_RedirectURIStrategy(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			oauthType:     "google_one",
-			wantClientID:  "custom-client-id",
-			wantRedirect:  geminicli.AIStudioOAuthRedirectURI,
-			wantScope:     geminicli.DefaultGoogleOneScopes,
+			wantClientID:  geminicli.GeminiCLIOAuthClientID,
+			wantRedirect:  geminicli.GeminiCLIRedirectURI,
+			wantScope:     geminicli.DefaultCodeAssistScopes,
 			wantProjectID: "",
 		},
 		{

backend/internal/service/group_service.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ type GroupRepository interface {
 	DeleteCascade(ctx context.Context, id int64) ([]int64, error)
 
 	List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
-	ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, status, search string, isExclusive *bool) ([]Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
 	ListActive(ctx context.Context) ([]Group, error)
 	ListActiveByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]Group, error)
 

backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service.go

@@ -540,10 +540,19 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) Forward(ctx context.Context, c *gin.Context, acco
 		bodyModified = true
 	}
 
-	// For OAuth accounts using ChatGPT internal API, add store: false
+	// For OAuth accounts using ChatGPT internal API:
+	// 1. Add store: false
+	// 2. Normalize input format for Codex API compatibility
 	if account.Type == AccountTypeOAuth {
 		reqBody["store"] = false
 		bodyModified = true
+
+		// Normalize input format: convert AI SDK multi-part content format to simplified format
+		// AI SDK sends: {"content": [{"type": "input_text", "text": "..."}]}
+		// Codex API expects: {"content": "..."}
+		if normalizeInputForCodexAPI(reqBody) {
+			bodyModified = true
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Re-serialize body only if modified
@@ -1085,6 +1094,101 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) replaceModelInResponseBody(body []byte, fromModel
 	return newBody
 }
 
+// normalizeInputForCodexAPI converts AI SDK multi-part content format to simplified format
+// that the ChatGPT internal Codex API expects.
+//
+// AI SDK sends content as an array of typed objects:
+//
+//	{"content": [{"type": "input_text", "text": "hello"}]}
+//
+// ChatGPT Codex API expects content as a simple string:
+//
+//	{"content": "hello"}
+//
+// This function modifies reqBody in-place and returns true if any modification was made.
+func normalizeInputForCodexAPI(reqBody map[string]any) bool {
+	input, ok := reqBody["input"]
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Handle case where input is a simple string (already compatible)
+	if _, isString := input.(string); isString {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Handle case where input is an array of messages
+	inputArray, ok := input.([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	modified := false
+	for _, item := range inputArray {
+		message, ok := item.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		content, ok := message["content"]
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// If content is already a string, no conversion needed
+		if _, isString := content.(string); isString {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// If content is an array (AI SDK format), convert to string
+		contentArray, ok := content.([]any)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Extract text from content array
+		var textParts []string
+		for _, part := range contentArray {
+			partMap, ok := part.(map[string]any)
+			if !ok {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// Handle different content types
+			partType, _ := partMap["type"].(string)
+			switch partType {
+			case "input_text", "text":
+				// Extract text from input_text or text type
+				if text, ok := partMap["text"].(string); ok {
+					textParts = append(textParts, text)
+				}
+			case "input_image", "image":
+				// For images, we need to preserve the original format
+				// as ChatGPT Codex API may support images in a different way
+				// For now, skip image parts (they will be lost in conversion)
+				// TODO: Consider preserving image data or handling it separately
+				continue
+			case "input_file", "file":
+				// Similar to images, file inputs may need special handling
+				continue
+			default:
+				// For unknown types, try to extract text if available
+				if text, ok := partMap["text"].(string); ok {
+					textParts = append(textParts, text)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Convert content array to string
+		if len(textParts) > 0 {
+			message["content"] = strings.Join(textParts, "\n")
+			modified = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return modified
+}
+
 // OpenAIRecordUsageInput input for recording usage
 type OpenAIRecordUsageInput struct {
 	Result       *OpenAIForwardResult

backend/internal/service/setting_service.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
 	infraerrors "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/errors"
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ func (s *SettingService) GetPublicSettings(ctx context.Context) (*PublicSettings
 		SettingKeyAPIBaseURL,
 		SettingKeyContactInfo,
 		SettingKeyDocURL,
+		SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectEnabled,
 	}
 
 	settings, err := s.settingRepo.GetMultiple(ctx, keys)
@@ -71,6 +73,13 @@ func (s *SettingService) GetPublicSettings(ctx context.Context) (*PublicSettings
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get public settings: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	linuxDoEnabled := false
+	if raw, ok := settings[SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectEnabled]; ok {
+		linuxDoEnabled = raw == "true"
+	} else {
+		linuxDoEnabled = s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.LinuxDo.Enabled
+	}
+
 	return &PublicSettings{
 		RegistrationEnabled: settings[SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled] == "true",
 		EmailVerifyEnabled:  settings[SettingKeyEmailVerifyEnabled] == "true",
@@ -82,6 +91,7 @@ func (s *SettingService) GetPublicSettings(ctx context.Context) (*PublicSettings
 		APIBaseURL:          settings[SettingKeyAPIBaseURL],
 		ContactInfo:         settings[SettingKeyContactInfo],
 		DocURL:              settings[SettingKeyDocURL],
+		LinuxDoOAuthEnabled: linuxDoEnabled,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -111,6 +121,14 @@ func (s *SettingService) UpdateSettings(ctx context.Context, settings *SystemSet
 		updates[SettingKeyTurnstileSecretKey] = settings.TurnstileSecretKey
 	}
 
+	// LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录（终端用户 SSO）
+	updates[SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectEnabled] = strconv.FormatBool(settings.LinuxDoConnectEnabled)
+	updates[SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientID] = settings.LinuxDoConnectClientID
+	updates[SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectRedirectURL] = settings.LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL
+	if settings.LinuxDoConnectClientSecret != "" {
+		updates[SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientSecret] = settings.LinuxDoConnectClientSecret
+	}
+
 	// OEM设置
 	updates[SettingKeySiteName] = settings.SiteName
 	updates[SettingKeySiteLogo] = settings.SiteLogo
@@ -141,8 +159,8 @@ func (s *SettingService) UpdateSettings(ctx context.Context, settings *SystemSet
 func (s *SettingService) IsRegistrationEnabled(ctx context.Context) bool {
 	value, err := s.settingRepo.GetValue(ctx, SettingKeyRegistrationEnabled)
 	if err != nil {
-		// 默认开放注册
-		return true
+		// 安全默认：如果设置不存在或查询出错，默认关闭注册
+		return false
 	}
 	return value == "true"
 }
@@ -271,6 +289,38 @@ func (s *SettingService) parseSettings(settings map[string]string) *SystemSettin
 	result.SMTPPassword = settings[SettingKeySMTPPassword]
 	result.TurnstileSecretKey = settings[SettingKeyTurnstileSecretKey]
 
+	// LinuxDo Connect 设置：
+	// - 兼容 config.yaml/env（避免老部署因为未迁移到数据库设置而被意外关闭）
+	// - 支持在后台“系统设置”中覆盖并持久化（存储于 DB）
+	linuxDoBase := config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}
+	if s.cfg != nil {
+		linuxDoBase = s.cfg.LinuxDo
+	}
+
+	if raw, ok := settings[SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectEnabled]; ok {
+		result.LinuxDoConnectEnabled = raw == "true"
+	} else {
+		result.LinuxDoConnectEnabled = linuxDoBase.Enabled
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := settings[SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientID]; ok && strings.TrimSpace(v) != "" {
+		result.LinuxDoConnectClientID = strings.TrimSpace(v)
+	} else {
+		result.LinuxDoConnectClientID = linuxDoBase.ClientID
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := settings[SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectRedirectURL]; ok && strings.TrimSpace(v) != "" {
+		result.LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL = strings.TrimSpace(v)
+	} else {
+		result.LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL = linuxDoBase.RedirectURL
+	}
+
+	result.LinuxDoConnectClientSecret = strings.TrimSpace(settings[SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientSecret])
+	if result.LinuxDoConnectClientSecret == "" {
+		result.LinuxDoConnectClientSecret = strings.TrimSpace(linuxDoBase.ClientSecret)
+	}
+	result.LinuxDoConnectClientSecretConfigured = result.LinuxDoConnectClientSecret != ""
+
 	// Model fallback settings
 	result.EnableModelFallback = settings[SettingKeyEnableModelFallback] == "true"
 	result.FallbackModelAnthropic = s.getStringOrDefault(settings, SettingKeyFallbackModelAnthropic, "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022")
@@ -289,6 +339,99 @@ func (s *SettingService) parseSettings(settings map[string]string) *SystemSettin
 	return result
 }
 
+// GetLinuxDoConnectOAuthConfig 返回用于登录的“最终生效” LinuxDo Connect 配置。
+//
+// 优先级：
+// - 若对应系统设置键存在，则覆盖 config.yaml/env 的值
+// - 否则回退到 config.yaml/env 的值
+func (s *SettingService) GetLinuxDoConnectOAuthConfig(ctx context.Context) (config.LinuxDoConnectConfig, error) {
+	if s == nil || s.cfg == nil {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.ServiceUnavailable("CONFIG_NOT_READY", "config not loaded")
+	}
+
+	effective := s.cfg.LinuxDo
+
+	keys := []string{
+		SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectEnabled,
+		SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientID,
+		SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientSecret,
+		SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectRedirectURL,
+	}
+	settings, err := s.settingRepo.GetMultiple(ctx, keys)
+	if err != nil {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, fmt.Errorf("get linuxdo connect settings: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if raw, ok := settings[SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectEnabled]; ok {
+		effective.Enabled = raw == "true"
+	}
+	if v, ok := settings[SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientID]; ok && strings.TrimSpace(v) != "" {
+		effective.ClientID = strings.TrimSpace(v)
+	}
+	if v, ok := settings[SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectClientSecret]; ok && strings.TrimSpace(v) != "" {
+		effective.ClientSecret = strings.TrimSpace(v)
+	}
+	if v, ok := settings[SettingKeyLinuxDoConnectRedirectURL]; ok && strings.TrimSpace(v) != "" {
+		effective.RedirectURL = strings.TrimSpace(v)
+	}
+
+	if !effective.Enabled {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.NotFound("OAUTH_DISABLED", "oauth login is disabled")
+	}
+
+	// 基础健壮性校验（避免把用户重定向到一个必然失败或不安全的 OAuth 流程里）。
+	if strings.TrimSpace(effective.ClientID) == "" {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth client id not configured")
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(effective.AuthorizeURL) == "" {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth authorize url not configured")
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(effective.TokenURL) == "" {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth token url not configured")
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(effective.UserInfoURL) == "" {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth userinfo url not configured")
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(effective.RedirectURL) == "" {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth redirect url not configured")
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(effective.FrontendRedirectURL) == "" {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth frontend redirect url not configured")
+	}
+
+	if err := config.ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL(effective.AuthorizeURL); err != nil {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth authorize url invalid")
+	}
+	if err := config.ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL(effective.TokenURL); err != nil {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth token url invalid")
+	}
+	if err := config.ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL(effective.UserInfoURL); err != nil {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth userinfo url invalid")
+	}
+	if err := config.ValidateAbsoluteHTTPURL(effective.RedirectURL); err != nil {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth redirect url invalid")
+	}
+	if err := config.ValidateFrontendRedirectURL(effective.FrontendRedirectURL); err != nil {
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth frontend redirect url invalid")
+	}
+
+	method := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(effective.TokenAuthMethod))
+	switch method {
+	case "", "client_secret_post", "client_secret_basic":
+		if strings.TrimSpace(effective.ClientSecret) == "" {
+			return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth client secret not configured")
+		}
+	case "none":
+		if !effective.UsePKCE {
+			return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth pkce must be enabled when token_auth_method=none")
+		}
+	default:
+		return config.LinuxDoConnectConfig{}, infraerrors.InternalServer("OAUTH_CONFIG_INVALID", "oauth token_auth_method invalid")
+	}
+
+	return effective, nil
+}
+
 // getStringOrDefault 获取字符串值或默认值
 func (s *SettingService) getStringOrDefault(settings map[string]string, key, defaultValue string) string {
 	if value, ok := settings[key]; ok && value != "" {

backend/internal/service/settings_view.go

@@ -18,6 +18,13 @@ type SystemSettings struct {
 	TurnstileSecretKey           string
 	TurnstileSecretKeyConfigured bool
 
+	// LinuxDo Connect OAuth 登录（终端用户 SSO）
+	LinuxDoConnectEnabled                bool
+	LinuxDoConnectClientID               string
+	LinuxDoConnectClientSecret           string
+	LinuxDoConnectClientSecretConfigured bool
+	LinuxDoConnectRedirectURL            string
+
 	SiteName     string
 	SiteLogo     string
 	SiteSubtitle string
@@ -51,5 +58,6 @@ type PublicSettings struct {
 	APIBaseURL          string
 	ContactInfo         string
 	DocURL              string
+	LinuxDoOAuthEnabled bool
 	Version             string
 }