fix: address code review issues for RPM limiting feature

- Use TxPipeline (MULTI/EXEC) instead of Pipeline for atomic INCR+EXPIRE
- Filter negative values in GetBaseRPM(), update test expectation
- Add RPM batch query (GetRPMBatch) to account List API
- Add warn logs for RPM increment failures in gateway handler
- Reset enableRpmLimit on BulkEditAccountModal close
- Use union type 'tiered' | 'sticky_exempt' for rpmStrategy refs
- Add design decision comments for rdb.Time() RTT trade-off

frontend/src/components/account/AccountCapacityCell.vue

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
         <span class="font-mono">{{ currentRPM }}</span>
         <span class="text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-500">/</span>
         <span class="font-mono">{{ account.base_rpm }}</span>
+        <span class="text-[9px] opacity-60">{{ rpmStrategyTag }}</span>
       </span>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -143,19 +144,15 @@ const windowCostClass = computed(() => {
   const limit = props.account.window_cost_limit || 0
   const reserve = props.account.window_cost_sticky_reserve || 10
 
-  // >= 阈值+预留: 完全不可调度 (红色)
   if (current >= limit + reserve) {
     return 'bg-red-100 text-red-700 dark:bg-red-900/30 dark:text-red-400'
   }
-  // >= 阈值: 仅粘性会话 (橙色)
   if (current >= limit) {
     return 'bg-orange-100 text-orange-700 dark:bg-orange-900/30 dark:text-orange-400'
   }
-  // >= 80% 阈值: 警告 (黄色)
   if (current >= limit * 0.8) {
     return 'bg-yellow-100 text-yellow-700 dark:bg-yellow-900/30 dark:text-yellow-400'
   }
-  // 正常 (绿色)
   return 'bg-emerald-100 text-emerald-700 dark:bg-emerald-900/30 dark:text-emerald-400'
 })
 
@@ -183,15 +180,12 @@ const sessionLimitClass = computed(() => {
   const current = activeSessions.value
   const max = props.account.max_sessions || 0
 
-  // >= 最大: 完全占满 (红色)
   if (current >= max) {
     return 'bg-red-100 text-red-700 dark:bg-red-900/30 dark:text-red-400'
   }
-  // >= 80%: 警告 (黄色)
   if (current >= max * 0.8) {
     return 'bg-yellow-100 text-yellow-700 dark:bg-yellow-900/30 dark:text-yellow-400'
   }
-  // 正常 (绿色)
   return 'bg-emerald-100 text-emerald-700 dark:bg-emerald-900/30 dark:text-emerald-400'
 })
 
@@ -222,35 +216,74 @@ const showRpmLimit = computed(() => {
 // 当前 RPM 计数
 const currentRPM = computed(() => props.account.current_rpm ?? 0)
 
+// RPM 策略
+const rpmStrategy = computed(() => props.account.rpm_strategy || 'tiered')
+
+// RPM 策略标签
+const rpmStrategyTag = computed(() => {
+  return rpmStrategy.value === 'sticky_exempt' ? '[S]' : '[T]'
+})
+
+// RPM buffer 计算（与后端一致：base <= 0 时 buffer 为 0）
+const rpmBuffer = computed(() => {
+  const base = props.account.base_rpm || 0
+  return props.account.rpm_sticky_buffer ?? (base > 0 ? Math.max(1, Math.floor(base / 5)) : 0)
+})
+
 // RPM 状态样式
 const rpmClass = computed(() => {
   if (!showRpmLimit.value) return ''
 
   const current = currentRPM.value
   const base = props.account.base_rpm ?? 0
-  if (base <= 0) return 'bg-gray-100 text-gray-600 dark:bg-gray-700 dark:text-gray-400'
+  const buffer = rpmBuffer.value
 
-  const strategy = props.account.rpm_strategy || 'tiered'
-  if (strategy === 'tiered') {
-    const buffer = props.account.rpm_sticky_buffer ?? Math.max(1, Math.floor(base / 5))
-    if (current >= base + buffer) return 'bg-red-100 text-red-700 dark:bg-red-900/30 dark:text-red-400'
-    if (current >= base) return 'bg-orange-100 text-orange-700 dark:bg-orange-900/30 dark:text-orange-400'
+  if (rpmStrategy.value === 'tiered') {
+    if (current >= base + buffer) {
+      return 'bg-red-100 text-red-700 dark:bg-red-900/30 dark:text-red-400'
+    }
+    if (current >= base) {
+      return 'bg-orange-100 text-orange-700 dark:bg-orange-900/30 dark:text-orange-400'
+    }
   } else {
-    if (current >= base) return 'bg-orange-100 text-orange-700 dark:bg-orange-900/30 dark:text-orange-400'
+    if (current >= base) {
+      return 'bg-orange-100 text-orange-700 dark:bg-orange-900/30 dark:text-orange-400'
+    }
+  }
+  if (current >= base * 0.8) {
+    return 'bg-yellow-100 text-yellow-700 dark:bg-yellow-900/30 dark:text-yellow-400'
   }
-  if (current >= base * 0.8) return 'bg-yellow-100 text-yellow-700 dark:bg-yellow-900/30 dark:text-yellow-400'
   return 'bg-emerald-100 text-emerald-700 dark:bg-emerald-900/30 dark:text-emerald-400'
 })
 
-// RPM 提示文字
+// RPM 提示文字（增强版：显示策略、区域、缓冲区）
 const rpmTooltip = computed(() => {
   if (!showRpmLimit.value) return ''
 
   const current = currentRPM.value
   const base = props.account.base_rpm ?? 0
-  if (current >= base) return t('admin.accounts.capacity.rpm.full')
-  if (current >= base * 0.8) return t('admin.accounts.capacity.rpm.warning')
-  return t('admin.accounts.capacity.rpm.normal')
+  const buffer = rpmBuffer.value
+
+  if (rpmStrategy.value === 'tiered') {
+    if (current >= base + buffer) {
+      return t('admin.accounts.capacity.rpm.tieredBlocked', { buffer })
+    }
+    if (current >= base) {
+      return t('admin.accounts.capacity.rpm.tieredStickyOnly', { buffer })
+    }
+    if (current >= base * 0.8) {
+      return t('admin.accounts.capacity.rpm.tieredWarning')
+    }
+    return t('admin.accounts.capacity.rpm.tieredNormal')
+  } else {
+    if (current >= base) {
+      return t('admin.accounts.capacity.rpm.stickyExemptOver')
+    }
+    if (current >= base * 0.8) {
+      return t('admin.accounts.capacity.rpm.stickyExemptWarning')
+    }
+    return t('admin.accounts.capacity.rpm.stickyExemptNormal')
+  }
 })
 
 // 格式化费用显示

frontend/src/components/account/BulkEditAccountModal.vue

@@ -585,6 +585,111 @@
         </div>
       </div>
 
+      <!-- RPM Limit (仅全部为 Anthropic OAuth/SetupToken 时显示) -->
+      <div v-if="allAnthropicOAuthOrSetupToken" class="border-t border-gray-200 pt-4 dark:border-dark-600">
+        <div class="mb-3 flex items-center justify-between">
+          <label
+            id="bulk-edit-rpm-limit-label"
+            class="input-label mb-0"
+            for="bulk-edit-rpm-limit-enabled"
+          >
+            {{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.label') }}
+          </label>
+          <input
+            v-model="enableRpmLimit"
+            id="bulk-edit-rpm-limit-enabled"
+            type="checkbox"
+            aria-controls="bulk-edit-rpm-limit-body"
+            class="rounded border-gray-300 text-primary-600 focus:ring-primary-500"
+          />
+        </div>
+
+        <div
+          id="bulk-edit-rpm-limit-body"
+          :class="!enableRpmLimit && 'pointer-events-none opacity-50'"
+          role="group"
+          aria-labelledby="bulk-edit-rpm-limit-label"
+        >
+          <div class="mb-3 flex items-center justify-between">
+            <span class="text-sm text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.hint') }}</span>
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              @click="rpmLimitEnabled = !rpmLimitEnabled"
+              :class="[
+                'relative inline-flex h-6 w-11 flex-shrink-0 cursor-pointer rounded-full border-2 border-transparent transition-colors duration-200 ease-in-out focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-primary-500 focus:ring-offset-2',
+                rpmLimitEnabled ? 'bg-primary-600' : 'bg-gray-200 dark:bg-dark-600'
+              ]"
+            >
+              <span
+                :class="[
+                  'pointer-events-none inline-block h-5 w-5 transform rounded-full bg-white shadow ring-0 transition duration-200 ease-in-out',
+                  rpmLimitEnabled ? 'translate-x-5' : 'translate-x-0'
+                ]"
+              />
+            </button>
+          </div>
+
+          <div v-if="rpmLimitEnabled" class="space-y-3">
+            <div>
+              <label class="input-label text-xs">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.baseRpm') }}</label>
+              <input
+                v-model.number="bulkBaseRpm"
+                type="number"
+                min="1"
+                max="1000"
+                step="1"
+                class="input"
+                :placeholder="t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.baseRpmPlaceholder')"
+              />
+              <p class="input-hint">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.baseRpmHint') }}</p>
+            </div>
+
+            <div>
+              <label class="input-label text-xs">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategy') }}</label>
+              <div class="flex gap-2">
+                <button
+                  type="button"
+                  @click="bulkRpmStrategy = 'tiered'"
+                  :class="[
+                    'flex-1 rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium transition-all',
+                    bulkRpmStrategy === 'tiered'
+                      ? 'bg-primary-100 text-primary-700 dark:bg-primary-900/30 dark:text-primary-400'
+                      : 'bg-gray-100 text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-200 dark:bg-dark-600 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-dark-500'
+                  ]"
+                >
+                  {{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyTiered') }}
+                </button>
+                <button
+                  type="button"
+                  @click="bulkRpmStrategy = 'sticky_exempt'"
+                  :class="[
+                    'flex-1 rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium transition-all',
+                    bulkRpmStrategy === 'sticky_exempt'
+                      ? 'bg-primary-100 text-primary-700 dark:bg-primary-900/30 dark:text-primary-400'
+                      : 'bg-gray-100 text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-200 dark:bg-dark-600 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-dark-500'
+                  ]"
+                >
+                  {{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyStickyExempt') }}
+                </button>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <div v-if="bulkRpmStrategy === 'tiered'">
+              <label class="input-label text-xs">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.stickyBuffer') }}</label>
+              <input
+                v-model.number="bulkRpmStickyBuffer"
+                type="number"
+                min="1"
+                step="1"
+                class="input"
+                :placeholder="t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.stickyBufferPlaceholder')"
+              />
+              <p class="input-hint">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.stickyBufferHint') }}</p>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
       <!-- Groups -->
       <div class="border-t border-gray-200 pt-4 dark:border-dark-600">
         <div class="mb-3 flex items-center justify-between">
@@ -658,7 +763,7 @@ import { ref, watch, computed } from 'vue'
 import { useI18n } from 'vue-i18n'
 import { useAppStore } from '@/stores/app'
 import { adminAPI } from '@/api/admin'
-import type { Proxy as ProxyConfig, AdminGroup, AccountPlatform } from '@/types'
+import type { Proxy as ProxyConfig, AdminGroup, AccountPlatform, AccountType } from '@/types'
 import BaseDialog from '@/components/common/BaseDialog.vue'
 import Select from '@/components/common/Select.vue'
 import ProxySelector from '@/components/common/ProxySelector.vue'
@@ -670,6 +775,7 @@ interface Props {
   show: boolean
   accountIds: number[]
   selectedPlatforms: AccountPlatform[]
+  selectedTypes: AccountType[]
   proxies: ProxyConfig[]
   groups: AdminGroup[]
 }
@@ -686,6 +792,15 @@ const appStore = useAppStore()
 // Platform awareness
 const isMixedPlatform = computed(() => props.selectedPlatforms.length > 1)
 
+// 是否全部为 Anthropic OAuth/SetupToken（RPM 配置仅在此条件下显示）
+const allAnthropicOAuthOrSetupToken = computed(() => {
+  return (
+    props.selectedPlatforms.length === 1 &&
+    props.selectedPlatforms[0] === 'anthropic' &&
+    props.selectedTypes.every(t => t === 'oauth' || t === 'setup-token')
+  )
+})
+
 const platformModelPrefix: Record<string, string[]> = {
   anthropic: ['claude-'],
   antigravity: ['claude-', 'gemini-', 'gpt-oss-', 'tab_'],
@@ -725,6 +840,7 @@ const enablePriority = ref(false)
 const enableRateMultiplier = ref(false)
 const enableStatus = ref(false)
 const enableGroups = ref(false)
+const enableRpmLimit = ref(false)
 
 // State - field values
 const submitting = ref(false)
@@ -741,6 +857,10 @@ const priority = ref(1)
 const rateMultiplier = ref(1)
 const status = ref<'active' | 'inactive'>('active')
 const groupIds = ref<number[]>([])
+const rpmLimitEnabled = ref(false)
+const bulkBaseRpm = ref<number | null>(null)
+const bulkRpmStrategy = ref<'tiered' | 'sticky_exempt'>('tiered')
+const bulkRpmStickyBuffer = ref<number | null>(null)
 
 // All models list (combined Anthropic + OpenAI + Gemini)
 const allModels = [
@@ -1094,6 +1214,22 @@ const buildUpdatePayload = (): Record<string, unknown> | null => {
     updates.credentials = credentials
   }
 
+  // RPM limit settings (写入 extra 字段)
+  if (enableRpmLimit.value) {
+    const extra: Record<string, unknown> = {}
+    if (rpmLimitEnabled.value && bulkBaseRpm.value != null && bulkBaseRpm.value > 0) {
+      extra.base_rpm = bulkBaseRpm.value
+      extra.rpm_strategy = bulkRpmStrategy.value
+      if (bulkRpmStickyBuffer.value != null && bulkRpmStickyBuffer.value > 0) {
+        extra.rpm_sticky_buffer = bulkRpmStickyBuffer.value
+      }
+    } else {
+      // 关闭 RPM 限制 - 设置 base_rpm 为 0
+      extra.base_rpm = 0
+    }
+    updates.extra = extra
+  }
+
   return Object.keys(updates).length > 0 ? updates : null
 }
 
@@ -1173,6 +1309,7 @@ watch(
       enableRateMultiplier.value = false
       enableStatus.value = false
       enableGroups.value = false
+      enableRpmLimit.value = false
 
       // Reset all values
       baseUrl.value = ''
@@ -1188,6 +1325,10 @@ watch(
       rateMultiplier.value = 1
       status.value = 'active'
       groupIds.value = []
+      rpmLimitEnabled.value = false
+      bulkBaseRpm.value = null
+      bulkRpmStrategy.value = 'tiered'
+      bulkRpmStickyBuffer.value = null
     }
   }
 )

frontend/src/components/account/CreateAccountModal.vue

@@ -1562,26 +1562,68 @@
             </button>
           </div>
 
-          <div v-if="rpmLimitEnabled" class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4">
+          <div v-if="rpmLimitEnabled" class="space-y-4">
             <div>
               <label class="input-label">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.baseRpm') }}</label>
               <input
                 v-model.number="baseRpm"
                 type="number"
                 min="1"
+                max="1000"
                 step="1"
                 class="input"
                 :placeholder="t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.baseRpmPlaceholder')"
               />
               <p class="input-hint">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.baseRpmHint') }}</p>
             </div>
+
             <div>
               <label class="input-label">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategy') }}</label>
-              <select v-model="rpmStrategy" class="input">
-                <option value="tiered">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyTiered') }}</option>
-                <option value="sticky_exempt">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyStickyExempt') }}</option>
-              </select>
-              <p class="input-hint">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyHint') }}</p>
+              <div class="flex gap-2">
+                <button
+                  type="button"
+                  @click="rpmStrategy = 'tiered'"
+                  :class="[
+                    'flex-1 rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium transition-all',
+                    rpmStrategy === 'tiered'
+                      ? 'bg-primary-100 text-primary-700 dark:bg-primary-900/30 dark:text-primary-400'
+                      : 'bg-gray-100 text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-200 dark:bg-dark-600 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-dark-500'
+                  ]"
+                >
+                  <div class="text-center">
+                    <div>{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyTiered') }}</div>
+                    <div class="mt-0.5 text-[10px] opacity-70">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyTieredHint') }}</div>
+                  </div>
+                </button>
+                <button
+                  type="button"
+                  @click="rpmStrategy = 'sticky_exempt'"
+                  :class="[
+                    'flex-1 rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium transition-all',
+                    rpmStrategy === 'sticky_exempt'
+                      ? 'bg-primary-100 text-primary-700 dark:bg-primary-900/30 dark:text-primary-400'
+                      : 'bg-gray-100 text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-200 dark:bg-dark-600 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-dark-500'
+                  ]"
+                >
+                  <div class="text-center">
+                    <div>{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyStickyExempt') }}</div>
+                    <div class="mt-0.5 text-[10px] opacity-70">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyStickyExemptHint') }}</div>
+                  </div>
+                </button>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <div v-if="rpmStrategy === 'tiered'">
+              <label class="input-label">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.stickyBuffer') }}</label>
+              <input
+                v-model.number="rpmStickyBuffer"
+                type="number"
+                min="1"
+                step="1"
+                class="input"
+                :placeholder="t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.stickyBufferPlaceholder')"
+              />
+              <p class="input-hint">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.stickyBufferHint') }}</p>
             </div>
           </div>
         </div>
@@ -2445,7 +2487,8 @@ const maxSessions = ref<number | null>(null)
 const sessionIdleTimeout = ref<number | null>(null)
 const rpmLimitEnabled = ref(false)
 const baseRpm = ref<number | null>(null)
-const rpmStrategy = ref<string>('tiered')
+const rpmStrategy = ref<'tiered' | 'sticky_exempt'>('tiered')
+const rpmStickyBuffer = ref<number | null>(null)
 const tlsFingerprintEnabled = ref(false)
 const sessionIdMaskingEnabled = ref(false)
 const cacheTTLOverrideEnabled = ref(false)
@@ -3073,6 +3116,7 @@ const resetForm = () => {
   rpmLimitEnabled.value = false
   baseRpm.value = null
   rpmStrategy.value = 'tiered'
+  rpmStickyBuffer.value = null
   tlsFingerprintEnabled.value = false
   sessionIdMaskingEnabled.value = false
   cacheTTLOverrideEnabled.value = false
@@ -3986,6 +4030,9 @@ const handleAnthropicExchange = async (authCode: string) => {
     if (rpmLimitEnabled.value && baseRpm.value != null && baseRpm.value > 0) {
       extra.base_rpm = baseRpm.value
       extra.rpm_strategy = rpmStrategy.value
+      if (rpmStickyBuffer.value != null && rpmStickyBuffer.value > 0) {
+        extra.rpm_sticky_buffer = rpmStickyBuffer.value
+      }
     }
 
     // Add TLS fingerprint settings
@@ -4090,6 +4137,9 @@ const handleCookieAuth = async (sessionKey: string) => {
         if (rpmLimitEnabled.value && baseRpm.value != null && baseRpm.value > 0) {
           extra.base_rpm = baseRpm.value
           extra.rpm_strategy = rpmStrategy.value
+          if (rpmStickyBuffer.value != null && rpmStickyBuffer.value > 0) {
+            extra.rpm_sticky_buffer = rpmStickyBuffer.value
+          }
         }
 
         // Add TLS fingerprint settings

frontend/src/components/account/EditAccountModal.vue

@@ -972,26 +972,68 @@
             </button>
           </div>
 
-          <div v-if="rpmLimitEnabled" class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4">
+          <div v-if="rpmLimitEnabled" class="space-y-4">
             <div>
               <label class="input-label">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.baseRpm') }}</label>
               <input
                 v-model.number="baseRpm"
                 type="number"
                 min="1"
+                max="1000"
                 step="1"
                 class="input"
                 :placeholder="t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.baseRpmPlaceholder')"
               />
               <p class="input-hint">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.baseRpmHint') }}</p>
             </div>
+
             <div>
               <label class="input-label">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategy') }}</label>
-              <select v-model="rpmStrategy" class="input">
-                <option value="tiered">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyTiered') }}</option>
-                <option value="sticky_exempt">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyStickyExempt') }}</option>
-              </select>
-              <p class="input-hint">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyHint') }}</p>
+              <div class="flex gap-2">
+                <button
+                  type="button"
+                  @click="rpmStrategy = 'tiered'"
+                  :class="[
+                    'flex-1 rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium transition-all',
+                    rpmStrategy === 'tiered'
+                      ? 'bg-primary-100 text-primary-700 dark:bg-primary-900/30 dark:text-primary-400'
+                      : 'bg-gray-100 text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-200 dark:bg-dark-600 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-dark-500'
+                  ]"
+                >
+                  <div class="text-center">
+                    <div>{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyTiered') }}</div>
+                    <div class="mt-0.5 text-[10px] opacity-70">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyTieredHint') }}</div>
+                  </div>
+                </button>
+                <button
+                  type="button"
+                  @click="rpmStrategy = 'sticky_exempt'"
+                  :class="[
+                    'flex-1 rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium transition-all',
+                    rpmStrategy === 'sticky_exempt'
+                      ? 'bg-primary-100 text-primary-700 dark:bg-primary-900/30 dark:text-primary-400'
+                      : 'bg-gray-100 text-gray-600 hover:bg-gray-200 dark:bg-dark-600 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:bg-dark-500'
+                  ]"
+                >
+                  <div class="text-center">
+                    <div>{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyStickyExempt') }}</div>
+                    <div class="mt-0.5 text-[10px] opacity-70">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.strategyStickyExemptHint') }}</div>
+                  </div>
+                </button>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <div v-if="rpmStrategy === 'tiered'">
+              <label class="input-label">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.stickyBuffer') }}</label>
+              <input
+                v-model.number="rpmStickyBuffer"
+                type="number"
+                min="1"
+                step="1"
+                class="input"
+                :placeholder="t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.stickyBufferPlaceholder')"
+              />
+              <p class="input-hint">{{ t('admin.accounts.quotaControl.rpmLimit.stickyBufferHint') }}</p>
             </div>
           </div>
         </div>
@@ -1303,7 +1345,8 @@ const maxSessions = ref<number | null>(null)
 const sessionIdleTimeout = ref<number | null>(null)
 const rpmLimitEnabled = ref(false)
 const baseRpm = ref<number | null>(null)
-const rpmStrategy = ref<string>('tiered')
+const rpmStrategy = ref<'tiered' | 'sticky_exempt'>('tiered')
+const rpmStickyBuffer = ref<number | null>(null)
 const tlsFingerprintEnabled = ref(false)
 const sessionIdMaskingEnabled = ref(false)
 const cacheTTLOverrideEnabled = ref(false)
@@ -1766,6 +1809,7 @@ function loadQuotaControlSettings(account: Account) {
   rpmLimitEnabled.value = false
   baseRpm.value = null
   rpmStrategy.value = 'tiered'
+  rpmStickyBuffer.value = null
   tlsFingerprintEnabled.value = false
   sessionIdMaskingEnabled.value = false
   cacheTTLOverrideEnabled.value = false
@@ -1793,7 +1837,8 @@ function loadQuotaControlSettings(account: Account) {
   if (account.base_rpm != null && account.base_rpm > 0) {
     rpmLimitEnabled.value = true
     baseRpm.value = account.base_rpm
-    rpmStrategy.value = account.rpm_strategy || 'tiered'
+    rpmStrategy.value = (account.rpm_strategy as 'tiered' | 'sticky_exempt') || 'tiered'
+    rpmStickyBuffer.value = account.rpm_sticky_buffer ?? null
   }
 
   // Load TLS fingerprint setting
@@ -2110,6 +2155,11 @@ const handleSubmit = async () => {
       if (rpmLimitEnabled.value && baseRpm.value != null && baseRpm.value > 0) {
         newExtra.base_rpm = baseRpm.value
         newExtra.rpm_strategy = rpmStrategy.value
+        if (rpmStickyBuffer.value != null && rpmStickyBuffer.value > 0) {
+          newExtra.rpm_sticky_buffer = rpmStickyBuffer.value
+        } else {
+          delete newExtra.rpm_sticky_buffer
+        }
       } else {
         delete newExtra.base_rpm
         delete newExtra.rpm_strategy

frontend/src/i18n/locales/en.ts

@@ -1618,6 +1618,13 @@ export default {
           full: 'RPM limit reached',
           warning: 'RPM approaching limit',
           normal: 'RPM normal',
+          tieredNormal: 'RPM limit (Tiered) - Normal',
+          tieredWarning: 'RPM limit (Tiered) - Approaching limit',
+          tieredStickyOnly: 'RPM limit (Tiered) - Sticky only | Buffer: {buffer}',
+          tieredBlocked: 'RPM limit (Tiered) - Blocked | Buffer: {buffer}',
+          stickyExemptNormal: 'RPM limit (Sticky Exempt) - Normal',
+          stickyExemptWarning: 'RPM limit (Sticky Exempt) - Approaching limit',
+          stickyExemptOver: 'RPM limit (Sticky Exempt) - Over limit, sticky only'
         },
       },
       tempUnschedulable: {
@@ -1842,7 +1849,12 @@ export default {
           strategy: 'RPM Strategy',
           strategyTiered: 'Tiered Model',
           strategyStickyExempt: 'Sticky Exempt',
+          strategyTieredHint: 'Green → Yellow → Sticky only → Blocked, progressive throttling',
+          strategyStickyExemptHint: 'Only sticky sessions allowed when over limit',
           strategyHint: 'Tiered: gradually restrict when exceeded; Sticky Exempt: existing sessions unrestricted',
+          stickyBuffer: 'Sticky Buffer',
+          stickyBufferPlaceholder: 'Default: 20% of base RPM',
+          stickyBufferHint: 'Extra requests allowed for sticky sessions after exceeding base RPM. Leave empty to use default (20% of base RPM, min 1)'
         },
         tlsFingerprint: {
           label: 'TLS Fingerprint Simulation',

frontend/src/i18n/locales/zh.ts

@@ -1669,6 +1669,13 @@ export default {
           full: '已达 RPM 上限',
           warning: 'RPM 接近上限',
           normal: 'RPM 正常',
+          tieredNormal: 'RPM 限制 (三区模型) - 正常',
+          tieredWarning: 'RPM 限制 (三区模型) - 接近阈值',
+          tieredStickyOnly: 'RPM 限制 (三区模型) - 仅粘性会话 | 缓冲区: {buffer}',
+          tieredBlocked: 'RPM 限制 (三区模型) - 已阻塞 | 缓冲区: {buffer}',
+          stickyExemptNormal: 'RPM 限制 (粘性豁免) - 正常',
+          stickyExemptWarning: 'RPM 限制 (粘性豁免) - 接近阈值',
+          stickyExemptOver: 'RPM 限制 (粘性豁免) - 超限，仅粘性会话'
         },
       },
       clearRateLimit: '清除速率限制',
@@ -1985,7 +1992,12 @@ export default {
           strategy: 'RPM 策略',
           strategyTiered: '三区模型',
           strategyStickyExempt: '粘性豁免',
+          strategyTieredHint: '绿区→黄区→仅粘性→阻塞，逐步限流',
+          strategyStickyExemptHint: '超限后仅允许粘性会话',
           strategyHint: '三区模型: 超限后逐步限制; 粘性豁免: 已有会话不受限',
+          stickyBuffer: '粘性缓冲区',
+          stickyBufferPlaceholder: '默认: base RPM 的 20%',
+          stickyBufferHint: '超过 base RPM 后，粘性会话额外允许的请求数。为空则使用默认值（base RPM 的 20%，最小为 1）'
         },
         tlsFingerprint: {
           label: 'TLS 指纹模拟',

frontend/src/views/admin/AccountsView.vue

@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@
     <AccountActionMenu :show="menu.show" :account="menu.acc" :position="menu.pos" @close="menu.show = false" @test="handleTest" @stats="handleViewStats" @reauth="handleReAuth" @refresh-token="handleRefresh" @reset-status="handleResetStatus" @clear-rate-limit="handleClearRateLimit" />
     <SyncFromCrsModal :show="showSync" @close="showSync = false" @synced="reload" />
     <ImportDataModal :show="showImportData" @close="showImportData = false" @imported="handleDataImported" />
-    <BulkEditAccountModal :show="showBulkEdit" :account-ids="selIds" :selected-platforms="selPlatforms" :proxies="proxies" :groups="groups" @close="showBulkEdit = false" @updated="handleBulkUpdated" />
+    <BulkEditAccountModal :show="showBulkEdit" :account-ids="selIds" :selected-platforms="selPlatforms" :selected-types="selTypes" :proxies="proxies" :groups="groups" @close="showBulkEdit = false" @updated="handleBulkUpdated" />
     <TempUnschedStatusModal :show="showTempUnsched" :account="tempUnschedAcc" @close="showTempUnsched = false" @reset="handleTempUnschedReset" />
     <ConfirmDialog :show="showDeleteDialog" :title="t('admin.accounts.deleteAccount')" :message="t('admin.accounts.deleteConfirm', { name: deletingAcc?.name })" :confirm-text="t('common.delete')" :cancel-text="t('common.cancel')" :danger="true" @confirm="confirmDelete" @cancel="showDeleteDialog = false" />
     <ConfirmDialog :show="showExportDataDialog" :title="t('admin.accounts.dataExport')" :message="t('admin.accounts.dataExportConfirmMessage')" :confirm-text="t('admin.accounts.dataExportConfirm')" :cancel-text="t('common.cancel')" @confirm="handleExportData" @cancel="showExportDataDialog = false">
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ import PlatformTypeBadge from '@/components/common/PlatformTypeBadge.vue'
 import Icon from '@/components/icons/Icon.vue'
 import ErrorPassthroughRulesModal from '@/components/admin/ErrorPassthroughRulesModal.vue'
 import { formatDateTime, formatRelativeTime } from '@/utils/format'
-import type { Account, AccountPlatform, Proxy, AdminGroup, WindowStats } from '@/types'
+import type { Account, AccountPlatform, AccountType, Proxy, AdminGroup, WindowStats } from '@/types'
 
 const { t } = useI18n()
 const appStore = useAppStore()
@@ -324,6 +324,14 @@ const selPlatforms = computed<AccountPlatform[]>(() => {
   )
   return [...platforms]
 })
+const selTypes = computed<AccountType[]>(() => {
+  const types = new Set(
+    accounts.value
+      .filter(a => selIds.value.includes(a.id))
+      .map(a => a.type)
+  )
+  return [...types]
+})
 const showCreate = ref(false)
 const showEdit = ref(false)
 const showSync = ref(false)