diff --git a/backend/cmd/server/wire_gen.go b/backend/cmd/server/wire_gen.go
index d7783f40..94db1128 100644
--- a/backend/cmd/server/wire_gen.go
+++ b/backend/cmd/server/wire_gen.go
@@ -57,32 +57,21 @@ func initializeApplication(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) (*Application, error) {
 	usageService := service.NewUsageService(usageLogRepository, userRepository)
 	usageHandler := handler.NewUsageHandler(usageService, usageLogRepository, apiKeyService)
 	redeemCodeRepository := repository.NewRedeemCodeRepository(db)
-	accountRepository := repository.NewAccountRepository(db)
-	proxyRepository := repository.NewProxyRepository(db)
-	repositories := &repository.Repositories{
-		User:             userRepository,
-		ApiKey:           apiKeyRepository,
-		Group:            groupRepository,
-		Account:          accountRepository,
-		Proxy:            proxyRepository,
-		RedeemCode:       redeemCodeRepository,
-		UsageLog:         usageLogRepository,
-		Setting:          settingRepository,
-		UserSubscription: userSubscriptionRepository,
-	}
 	billingCacheService := service.NewBillingCacheService(client, userRepository, userSubscriptionRepository)
-	subscriptionService := service.NewSubscriptionService(repositories, billingCacheService)
+	subscriptionService := service.NewSubscriptionService(groupRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, billingCacheService)
 	redeemService := service.NewRedeemService(redeemCodeRepository, userRepository, subscriptionService, client, billingCacheService)
 	redeemHandler := handler.NewRedeemHandler(redeemService)
 	subscriptionHandler := handler.NewSubscriptionHandler(subscriptionService)
-	adminService := service.NewAdminService(repositories, billingCacheService)
+	accountRepository := repository.NewAccountRepository(db)
+	proxyRepository := repository.NewProxyRepository(db)
+	adminService := service.NewAdminService(userRepository, groupRepository, accountRepository, proxyRepository, apiKeyRepository, redeemCodeRepository, usageLogRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, billingCacheService)
 	dashboardHandler := admin.NewDashboardHandler(adminService, usageLogRepository)
 	adminUserHandler := admin.NewUserHandler(adminService)
 	groupHandler := admin.NewGroupHandler(adminService)
 	oAuthService := service.NewOAuthService(proxyRepository)
-	rateLimitService := service.NewRateLimitService(repositories, configConfig)
-	accountUsageService := service.NewAccountUsageService(repositories, oAuthService)
-	accountTestService := service.NewAccountTestService(repositories, oAuthService)
+	rateLimitService := service.NewRateLimitService(accountRepository, configConfig)
+	accountUsageService := service.NewAccountUsageService(accountRepository, usageLogRepository, oAuthService)
+	accountTestService := service.NewAccountTestService(accountRepository, oAuthService)
 	accountHandler := admin.NewAccountHandler(adminService, oAuthService, rateLimitService, accountUsageService, accountTestService)
 	oAuthHandler := admin.NewOAuthHandler(oAuthService, adminService)
 	proxyHandler := admin.NewProxyHandler(adminService)
@@ -98,7 +87,7 @@ func initializeApplication(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) (*Application, error) {
 	}
 	billingService := service.NewBillingService(configConfig, pricingService)
 	identityService := service.NewIdentityService(client)
-	gatewayService := service.NewGatewayService(repositories, client, configConfig, oAuthService, billingService, rateLimitService, billingCacheService, identityService)
+	gatewayService := service.NewGatewayService(accountRepository, usageLogRepository, userRepository, userSubscriptionRepository, client, configConfig, oAuthService, billingService, rateLimitService, billingCacheService, identityService)
 	concurrencyService := service.NewConcurrencyService(client)
 	gatewayHandler := handler.NewGatewayHandler(gatewayService, userService, concurrencyService, billingCacheService)
 	handlerSettingHandler := handler.ProvideSettingHandler(settingService, buildInfo)
@@ -132,6 +121,17 @@ func initializeApplication(buildInfo handler.BuildInfo) (*Application, error) {
 		Concurrency:  concurrencyService,
 		Identity:     identityService,
 	}
+	repositories := &repository.Repositories{
+		User:             userRepository,
+		ApiKey:           apiKeyRepository,
+		Group:            groupRepository,
+		Account:          accountRepository,
+		Proxy:            proxyRepository,
+		RedeemCode:       redeemCodeRepository,
+		UsageLog:         usageLogRepository,
+		Setting:          settingRepository,
+		UserSubscription: userSubscriptionRepository,
+	}
 	engine := server.ProvideRouter(configConfig, handlers, services, repositories)
 	httpServer := server.ProvideHTTPServer(configConfig, engine)
 	v := provideCleanup(db, client, services)
diff --git a/backend/internal/handler/admin/subscription_handler.go b/backend/internal/handler/admin/subscription_handler.go
index 0d83e848..f68e4b3e 100644
--- a/backend/internal/handler/admin/subscription_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/admin/subscription_handler.go
@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
 	"sub2api/internal/service"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 )
 
-// toResponsePagination converts repository.PaginationResult to response.PaginationResult
-func toResponsePagination(p *repository.PaginationResult) *response.PaginationResult {
+// toResponsePagination converts pagination.PaginationResult to response.PaginationResult
+func toResponsePagination(p *pagination.PaginationResult) *response.PaginationResult {
 	if p == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
diff --git a/backend/internal/handler/admin/usage_handler.go b/backend/internal/handler/admin/usage_handler.go
index a0154c12..9241abb6 100644
--- a/backend/internal/handler/admin/usage_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/admin/usage_handler.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
 	"sub2api/internal/repository"
@@ -14,10 +15,10 @@ import (
 
 // UsageHandler handles admin usage-related requests
 type UsageHandler struct {
-	usageRepo     *repository.UsageLogRepository
-	apiKeyRepo    *repository.ApiKeyRepository
-	usageService  *service.UsageService
-	adminService  service.AdminService
+	usageRepo    *repository.UsageLogRepository
+	apiKeyRepo   *repository.ApiKeyRepository
+	usageService *service.UsageService
+	adminService service.AdminService
 }
 
 // NewUsageHandler creates a new admin usage handler
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ func (h *UsageHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
 		endTime = &t
 	}
 
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	filters := repository.UsageLogFilters{
 		UserID:    userID,
 		ApiKeyID:  apiKeyID,
diff --git a/backend/internal/handler/api_key_handler.go b/backend/internal/handler/api_key_handler.go
index 3e4a5733..5505fd88 100644
--- a/backend/internal/handler/api_key_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/api_key_handler.go
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
 	"sub2api/internal/service"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func (h *APIKeyHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	page, pageSize := response.ParsePagination(c)
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 
 	keys, result, err := h.apiKeyService.List(c.Request.Context(), user.ID, params)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/backend/internal/handler/usage_handler.go b/backend/internal/handler/usage_handler.go
index 1a6f2614..26bd8da4 100644
--- a/backend/internal/handler/usage_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/usage_handler.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
 	"sub2api/internal/repository"
@@ -68,9 +69,9 @@ func (h *UsageHandler) List(c *gin.Context) {
 		apiKeyID = id
 	}
 
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	var records []model.UsageLog
-	var result *repository.PaginationResult
+	var result *pagination.PaginationResult
 	var err error
 
 	if apiKeyID > 0 {
@@ -362,7 +363,7 @@ func (h *UsageHandler) DashboardApiKeysUsage(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	// Verify ownership of all requested API keys
-	userApiKeys, _, err := h.apiKeyService.List(c.Request.Context(), user.ID, repository.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 1000})
+	userApiKeys, _, err := h.apiKeyService.List(c.Request.Context(), user.ID, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 1000})
 	if err != nil {
 		response.InternalError(c, "Failed to verify API key ownership")
 		return
diff --git a/backend/internal/pkg/pagination/pagination.go b/backend/internal/pkg/pagination/pagination.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12ff321e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/pagination/pagination.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package pagination
+
+// PaginationParams 分页参数
+type PaginationParams struct {
+	Page     int
+	PageSize int
+}
+
+// PaginationResult 分页结果
+type PaginationResult struct {
+	Total    int64
+	Page     int
+	PageSize int
+	Pages    int
+}
+
+// DefaultPagination 默认分页参数
+func DefaultPagination() PaginationParams {
+	return PaginationParams{
+		Page:     1,
+		PageSize: 20,
+	}
+}
+
+// Offset 计算偏移量
+func (p PaginationParams) Offset() int {
+	if p.Page < 1 {
+		p.Page = 1
+	}
+	return (p.Page - 1) * p.PageSize
+}
+
+// Limit 获取限制数
+func (p PaginationParams) Limit() int {
+	if p.PageSize < 1 {
+		return 20
+	}
+	if p.PageSize > 100 {
+		return 100
+	}
+	return p.PageSize
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/pkg/response/response.go b/backend/internal/pkg/response/response.go
index 42acbd35..0739bb25 100644
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/response/response.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/response/response.go
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func Paginated(c *gin.Context, items interface{}, total int64, page, pageSize in
 	})
 }
 
-// PaginationResult 分页结果（与repository.PaginationResult兼容）
+// PaginationResult 分页结果（与pagination.PaginationResult兼容）
 type PaginationResult struct {
 	Total    int64
 	Page     int
diff --git a/backend/internal/pkg/usagestats/account_stats.go b/backend/internal/pkg/usagestats/account_stats.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed77dd27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/usagestats/account_stats.go
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package usagestats
+
+// AccountStats 账号使用统计
+type AccountStats struct {
+	Requests int64   `json:"requests"`
+	Tokens   int64   `json:"tokens"`
+	Cost     float64 `json:"cost"`
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/repository/account_repo.go b/backend/internal/repository/account_repo.go
index 7f0fd7f2..a746d412 100644
--- a/backend/internal/repository/account_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/account_repo.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"time"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -47,12 +48,12 @@ func (r *AccountRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.Account{}, id).Error
 }
 
-func (r *AccountRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams) ([]model.Account, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *AccountRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Account, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return r.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, "", "", "", "")
 }
 
 // ListWithFilters lists accounts with optional filtering by platform, type, status, and search query
-func (r *AccountRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams, platform, accountType, status, search string) ([]model.Account, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *AccountRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, accountType, status, search string) ([]model.Account, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var accounts []model.Account
 	var total int64
 
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ func (r *AccountRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params Paginati
 		pages++
 	}
 
-	return accounts, &PaginationResult{
+	return accounts, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -226,7 +227,7 @@ func (r *AccountRepository) SetRateLimited(ctx context.Context, id int64, resetA
 	now := time.Now()
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&model.Account{}).Where("id = ?", id).
 		Updates(map[string]interface{}{
-			"rate_limited_at":    now,
+			"rate_limited_at":     now,
 			"rate_limit_reset_at": resetAt,
 		}).Error
 }
diff --git a/backend/internal/repository/api_key_repo.go b/backend/internal/repository/api_key_repo.go
index 66ed8cdb..2c957368 100644
--- a/backend/internal/repository/api_key_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/api_key_repo.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ func (r *ApiKeyRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.ApiKey{}, id).Error
 }
 
-func (r *ApiKeyRepository) ListByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params PaginationParams) ([]model.ApiKey, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *ApiKeyRepository) ListByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.ApiKey, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var keys []model.ApiKey
 	var total int64
 
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ func (r *ApiKeyRepository) ListByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64, param
 		pages++
 	}
 
-	return keys, &PaginationResult{
+	return keys, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ func (r *ApiKeyRepository) ExistsByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (bool, e
 	return count > 0, err
 }
 
-func (r *ApiKeyRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params PaginationParams) ([]model.ApiKey, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *ApiKeyRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.ApiKey, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var keys []model.ApiKey
 	var total int64
 
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ func (r *ApiKeyRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, par
 		pages++
 	}
 
-	return keys, &PaginationResult{
+	return keys, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
diff --git a/backend/internal/repository/group_repo.go b/backend/internal/repository/group_repo.go
index 19e72a15..d39ec8d3 100644
--- a/backend/internal/repository/group_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/group_repo.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -36,12 +37,12 @@ func (r *GroupRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.Group{}, id).Error
 }
 
-func (r *GroupRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams) ([]model.Group, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *GroupRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return r.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, "", "", nil)
 }
 
 // ListWithFilters lists groups with optional filtering by platform, status, and is_exclusive
-func (r *GroupRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]model.Group, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *GroupRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]model.Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var groups []model.Group
 	var total int64
 
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ func (r *GroupRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params Pagination
 		pages++
 	}
 
-	return groups, &PaginationResult{
+	return groups, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
diff --git a/backend/internal/repository/proxy_repo.go b/backend/internal/repository/proxy_repo.go
index 1cd22cc8..20117f47 100644
--- a/backend/internal/repository/proxy_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/proxy_repo.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -36,12 +37,12 @@ func (r *ProxyRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.Proxy{}, id).Error
 }
 
-func (r *ProxyRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams) ([]model.Proxy, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *ProxyRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Proxy, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return r.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, "", "", "")
 }
 
 // ListWithFilters lists proxies with optional filtering by protocol, status, and search query
-func (r *ProxyRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams, protocol, status, search string) ([]model.Proxy, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *ProxyRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, protocol, status, search string) ([]model.Proxy, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var proxies []model.Proxy
 	var total int64
 
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ func (r *ProxyRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params Pagination
 		pages++
 	}
 
-	return proxies, &PaginationResult{
+	return proxies, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
diff --git a/backend/internal/repository/redeem_code_repo.go b/backend/internal/repository/redeem_code_repo.go
index 90a44ba2..f971a9f3 100644
--- a/backend/internal/repository/redeem_code_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/redeem_code_repo.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"time"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -46,12 +47,12 @@ func (r *RedeemCodeRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.RedeemCode{}, id).Error
 }
 
-func (r *RedeemCodeRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams) ([]model.RedeemCode, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *RedeemCodeRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.RedeemCode, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return r.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, "", "", "")
 }
 
 // ListWithFilters lists redeem codes with optional filtering by type, status, and search query
-func (r *RedeemCodeRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams, codeType, status, search string) ([]model.RedeemCode, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *RedeemCodeRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, codeType, status, search string) ([]model.RedeemCode, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var codes []model.RedeemCode
 	var total int64
 
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ func (r *RedeemCodeRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params Pagin
 		pages++
 	}
 
-	return codes, &PaginationResult{
+	return codes, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
diff --git a/backend/internal/repository/repository.go b/backend/internal/repository/repository.go
index 0e880064..82cc46f0 100644
--- a/backend/internal/repository/repository.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/repository.go
@@ -12,44 +12,3 @@ type Repositories struct {
 	Setting          *SettingRepository
 	UserSubscription *UserSubscriptionRepository
 }
-
-// PaginationParams 分页参数
-type PaginationParams struct {
-	Page     int
-	PageSize int
-}
-
-// PaginationResult 分页结果
-type PaginationResult struct {
-	Total    int64
-	Page     int
-	PageSize int
-	Pages    int
-}
-
-// DefaultPagination 默认分页参数
-func DefaultPagination() PaginationParams {
-	return PaginationParams{
-		Page:     1,
-		PageSize: 20,
-	}
-}
-
-// Offset 计算偏移量
-func (p PaginationParams) Offset() int {
-	if p.Page < 1 {
-		p.Page = 1
-	}
-	return (p.Page - 1) * p.PageSize
-}
-
-// Limit 获取限制数
-func (p PaginationParams) Limit() int {
-	if p.PageSize < 1 {
-		return 20
-	}
-	if p.PageSize > 100 {
-		return 100
-	}
-	return p.PageSize
-}
diff --git a/backend/internal/repository/usage_log_repo.go b/backend/internal/repository/usage_log_repo.go
index e8eab78e..080b975e 100644
--- a/backend/internal/repository/usage_log_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/usage_log_repo.go
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/usagestats"
 	"time"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.Usag
 	return &log, nil
 }
 
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	var total int64
 
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, param
 		pages++
 	}
 
-	return logs, &PaginationResult{
+	return logs, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, param
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByApiKey(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, params PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByApiKey(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	var total int64
 
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByApiKey(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, p
 		pages++
 	}
 
-	return logs, &PaginationResult{
+	return logs, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -270,7 +272,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*DashboardS
 	return &stats, nil
 }
 
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, params PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	var total int64
 
@@ -289,7 +291,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64,
 		pages++
 	}
 
-	return logs, &PaginationResult{
+	return logs, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -297,7 +299,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64,
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByUserAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, userID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByUserAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, userID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).
 		Where("user_id = ? AND created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", userID, startTime, endTime).
@@ -306,7 +308,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByUserAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, userID
 	return logs, nil, err
 }
 
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByApiKeyAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByApiKeyAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).
 		Where("api_key_id = ? AND created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", apiKeyID, startTime, endTime).
@@ -315,7 +317,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByApiKeyAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, apiKe
 	return logs, nil, err
 }
 
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByAccountAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByAccountAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).
 		Where("account_id = ? AND created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", accountID, startTime, endTime).
@@ -324,7 +326,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByAccountAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, acco
 	return logs, nil, err
 }
 
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByModelAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, modelName string, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListByModelAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, modelName string, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).
 		Where("model = ? AND created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", modelName, startTime, endTime).
@@ -337,15 +339,8 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.UsageLog{}, id).Error
 }
 
-// AccountStats 账号使用统计
-type AccountStats struct {
-	Requests int64   `json:"requests"`
-	Tokens   int64   `json:"tokens"`
-	Cost     float64 `json:"cost"`
-}
-
 // GetAccountTodayStats 获取账号今日统计
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountTodayStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*AccountStats, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountTodayStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*usagestats.AccountStats, error) {
 	today := timezone.Today()
 
 	var stats struct {
@@ -367,7 +362,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountTodayStats(ctx context.Context, accountID
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return &AccountStats{
+	return &usagestats.AccountStats{
 		Requests: stats.Requests,
 		Tokens:   stats.Tokens,
 		Cost:     stats.Cost,
@@ -375,7 +370,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountTodayStats(ctx context.Context, accountID
 }
 
 // GetAccountWindowStats 获取账号时间窗口内的统计
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountWindowStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, startTime time.Time) (*AccountStats, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountWindowStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, startTime time.Time) (*usagestats.AccountStats, error) {
 	var stats struct {
 		Requests int64   `gorm:"column:requests"`
 		Tokens   int64   `gorm:"column:tokens"`
@@ -395,7 +390,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetAccountWindowStats(ctx context.Context, accountI
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return &AccountStats{
+	return &usagestats.AccountStats{
 		Requests: stats.Requests,
 		Tokens:   stats.Tokens,
 		Cost:     stats.Cost,
@@ -500,11 +495,11 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) GetModelStats(ctx context.Context, startTime, endTi
 
 // ApiKeyUsageTrendPoint represents API key usage trend data point
 type ApiKeyUsageTrendPoint struct {
-	Date      string `json:"date"`
-	ApiKeyID  int64  `json:"api_key_id"`
-	KeyName   string `json:"key_name"`
-	Requests  int64  `json:"requests"`
-	Tokens    int64  `json:"tokens"`
+	Date     string `json:"date"`
+	ApiKeyID int64  `json:"api_key_id"`
+	KeyName  string `json:"key_name"`
+	Requests int64  `json:"requests"`
+	Tokens   int64  `json:"tokens"`
 }
 
 // GetApiKeyUsageTrend returns usage trend data grouped by API key and date
@@ -780,7 +775,7 @@ type UsageLogFilters struct {
 }
 
 // ListWithFilters lists usage logs with optional filters (for admin)
-func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams, filters UsageLogFilters) ([]model.UsageLog, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, filters UsageLogFilters) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []model.UsageLog
 	var total int64
 
@@ -816,7 +811,7 @@ func (r *UsageLogRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params Paginat
 		pages++
 	}
 
-	return logs, &PaginationResult{
+	return logs, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -838,7 +833,7 @@ type UsageStats struct {
 
 // BatchUserUsageStats represents usage stats for a single user
 type BatchUserUsageStats struct {
-	UserID         int64   `json:"user_id"`
+	UserID          int64   `json:"user_id"`
 	TodayActualCost float64 `json:"today_actual_cost"`
 	TotalActualCost float64 `json:"total_actual_cost"`
 }
diff --git a/backend/internal/repository/user_repo.go b/backend/internal/repository/user_repo.go
index 46de5390..6867f796 100644
--- a/backend/internal/repository/user_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/user_repo.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package repository
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -45,12 +46,12 @@ func (r *UserRepository) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	return r.db.WithContext(ctx).Delete(&model.User{}, id).Error
 }
 
-func (r *UserRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams) ([]model.User, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UserRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.User, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	return r.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, "", "", "")
 }
 
 // ListWithFilters lists users with optional filtering by status, role, and search query
-func (r *UserRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams, status, role, search string) ([]model.User, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UserRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, status, role, search string) ([]model.User, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var users []model.User
 	var total int64
 
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ func (r *UserRepository) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params PaginationP
 		pages++
 	}
 
-	return users, &PaginationResult{
+	return users, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -127,4 +128,3 @@ func (r *UserRepository) RemoveGroupFromAllowedGroups(ctx context.Context, group
 		Update("allowed_groups", gorm.Expr("array_remove(allowed_groups, ?)", groupID))
 	return result.RowsAffected, result.Error
 }
-
diff --git a/backend/internal/repository/user_subscription_repo.go b/backend/internal/repository/user_subscription_repo.go
index 49840a86..7f2b74e4 100644
--- a/backend/internal/repository/user_subscription_repo.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/user_subscription_repo.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ListActiveByUserID(ctx context.Context, use
 }
 
 // ListByGroupID 获取分组的所有订阅（分页）
-func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params PaginationParams) ([]model.UserSubscription, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var subs []model.UserSubscription
 	var total int64
 
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID
 		pages++
 	}
 
-	return subs, &PaginationResult{
+	return subs, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID
 }
 
 // List 获取所有订阅（分页，支持筛选）
-func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status string) ([]model.UserSubscription, *PaginationResult, error) {
+func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status string) ([]model.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var subs []model.UserSubscription
 	var total int64
 
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ func (r *UserSubscriptionRepository) List(ctx context.Context, params Pagination
 		pages++
 	}
 
-	return subs, &PaginationResult{
+	return subs, &pagination.PaginationResult{
 		Total:    total,
 		Page:     params.Page,
 		PageSize: params.Limit(),
diff --git a/backend/internal/repository/wire.go b/backend/internal/repository/wire.go
index d2b56a1c..a5909b9b 100644
--- a/backend/internal/repository/wire.go
+++ b/backend/internal/repository/wire.go
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package repository
 
 import (
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
+
 	"github.com/google/wire"
 )
 
@@ -16,4 +18,15 @@ var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	NewSettingRepository,
 	NewUserSubscriptionRepository,
 	wire.Struct(new(Repositories), "*"),
+
+	// Bind concrete repositories to service port interfaces
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.UserRepository), new(*UserRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.ApiKeyRepository), new(*ApiKeyRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.GroupRepository), new(*GroupRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.AccountRepository), new(*AccountRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.ProxyRepository), new(*ProxyRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.RedeemCodeRepository), new(*RedeemCodeRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.UsageLogRepository), new(*UsageLogRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.SettingRepository), new(*SettingRepository)),
+	wire.Bind(new(ports.UserSubscriptionRepository), new(*UserSubscriptionRepository)),
 )
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/account_service.go b/backend/internal/service/account_service.go
index b9bf7329..6e6b31fb 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/account_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/account_service.go
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -41,12 +42,12 @@ type UpdateAccountRequest struct {
 
 // AccountService 账号管理服务
 type AccountService struct {
-	accountRepo *repository.AccountRepository
-	groupRepo   *repository.GroupRepository
+	accountRepo ports.AccountRepository
+	groupRepo   ports.GroupRepository
 }
 
 // NewAccountService 创建账号服务实例
-func NewAccountService(accountRepo *repository.AccountRepository, groupRepo *repository.GroupRepository) *AccountService {
+func NewAccountService(accountRepo ports.AccountRepository, groupRepo ports.GroupRepository) *AccountService {
 	return &AccountService{
 		accountRepo: accountRepo,
 		groupRepo:   groupRepo,
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ func (s *AccountService) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.Account,
 }
 
 // List 获取账号列表
-func (s *AccountService) List(ctx context.Context, params repository.PaginationParams) ([]model.Account, *repository.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (s *AccountService) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Account, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	accounts, pagination, err := s.accountRepo.List(ctx, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list accounts: %w", err)
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/account_test_service.go b/backend/internal/service/account_test_service.go
index 3ab659f6..8cfc00f8 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/account_test_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/account_test_service.go
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/claude"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
@@ -37,15 +37,15 @@ type TestEvent struct {
 
 // AccountTestService handles account testing operations
 type AccountTestService struct {
-	repos        *repository.Repositories
+	accountRepo  ports.AccountRepository
 	oauthService *OAuthService
 	httpClient   *http.Client
 }
 
 // NewAccountTestService creates a new AccountTestService
-func NewAccountTestService(repos *repository.Repositories, oauthService *OAuthService) *AccountTestService {
+func NewAccountTestService(accountRepo ports.AccountRepository, oauthService *OAuthService) *AccountTestService {
 	return &AccountTestService{
-		repos:        repos,
+		accountRepo:  accountRepo,
 		oauthService: oauthService,
 		httpClient: &http.Client{
 			Timeout: 60 * time.Second,
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) TestAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, accountID int
 	ctx := c.Request.Context()
 
 	// Get account
-	account, err := s.repos.Account.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+	account, err := s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, "Account not found")
 	}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/account_usage_service.go b/backend/internal/service/account_usage_service.go
index fe227fe6..b27830c4 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/account_usage_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/account_usage_service.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 )
 
 // usageCache 用于缓存usage数据
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ type WindowStats struct {
 
 // UsageProgress 使用量进度
 type UsageProgress struct {
-	Utilization      float64      `json:"utilization"`                  // 使用率百分比 (0-100+，100表示100%)
-	ResetsAt         *time.Time   `json:"resets_at"`                    // 重置时间
-	RemainingSeconds int          `json:"remaining_seconds"`            // 距重置剩余秒数
-	WindowStats      *WindowStats `json:"window_stats,omitempty"`       // 窗口期统计（从窗口开始到当前的使用量）
+	Utilization      float64      `json:"utilization"`            // 使用率百分比 (0-100+，100表示100%)
+	ResetsAt         *time.Time   `json:"resets_at"`              // 重置时间
+	RemainingSeconds int          `json:"remaining_seconds"`      // 距重置剩余秒数
+	WindowStats      *WindowStats `json:"window_stats,omitempty"` // 窗口期统计（从窗口开始到当前的使用量）
 }
 
 // UsageInfo 账号使用量信息
@@ -67,15 +67,17 @@ type ClaudeUsageResponse struct {
 
 // AccountUsageService 账号使用量查询服务
 type AccountUsageService struct {
-	repos        *repository.Repositories
+	accountRepo  ports.AccountRepository
+	usageLogRepo ports.UsageLogRepository
 	oauthService *OAuthService
 	httpClient   *http.Client
 }
 
 // NewAccountUsageService 创建AccountUsageService实例
-func NewAccountUsageService(repos *repository.Repositories, oauthService *OAuthService) *AccountUsageService {
+func NewAccountUsageService(accountRepo ports.AccountRepository, usageLogRepo ports.UsageLogRepository, oauthService *OAuthService) *AccountUsageService {
 	return &AccountUsageService{
-		repos:        repos,
+		accountRepo:  accountRepo,
+		usageLogRepo: usageLogRepo,
 		oauthService: oauthService,
 		httpClient: &http.Client{
 			Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ func NewAccountUsageService(repos *repository.Repositories, oauthService *OAuthS
 // Setup Token账号: 根据session_window推算5h窗口，7d数据不可用（没有profile scope）
 // API Key账号: 不支持usage查询
 func (s *AccountUsageService) GetUsage(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*UsageInfo, error) {
-	account, err := s.repos.Account.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+	account, err := s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get account failed: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -148,7 +150,7 @@ func (s *AccountUsageService) addWindowStats(ctx context.Context, account *model
 		startTime = time.Now().Add(-5 * time.Hour)
 	}
 
-	stats, err := s.repos.UsageLog.GetAccountWindowStats(ctx, account.ID, startTime)
+	stats, err := s.usageLogRepo.GetAccountWindowStats(ctx, account.ID, startTime)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Failed to get window stats for account %d: %v", account.ID, err)
 		return
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@ func (s *AccountUsageService) addWindowStats(ctx context.Context, account *model
 
 // GetTodayStats 获取账号今日统计
 func (s *AccountUsageService) GetTodayStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*WindowStats, error) {
-	stats, err := s.repos.UsageLog.GetAccountTodayStats(ctx, accountID)
+	stats, err := s.usageLogRepo.GetAccountTodayStats(ctx, accountID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get today stats failed: %w", err)
 	}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/admin_service.go b/backend/internal/service/admin_service.go
index 988bd7cd..4962dafd 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/admin_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/admin_service.go
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 
 	"golang.org/x/net/proxy"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -179,35 +180,45 @@ type ProxyTestResult struct {
 
 // adminServiceImpl implements AdminService
 type adminServiceImpl struct {
-	userRepo            *repository.UserRepository
-	groupRepo           *repository.GroupRepository
-	accountRepo         *repository.AccountRepository
-	proxyRepo           *repository.ProxyRepository
-	apiKeyRepo          *repository.ApiKeyRepository
-	redeemCodeRepo      *repository.RedeemCodeRepository
-	usageLogRepo        *repository.UsageLogRepository
-	userSubRepo         *repository.UserSubscriptionRepository
+	userRepo            ports.UserRepository
+	groupRepo           ports.GroupRepository
+	accountRepo         ports.AccountRepository
+	proxyRepo           ports.ProxyRepository
+	apiKeyRepo          ports.ApiKeyRepository
+	redeemCodeRepo      ports.RedeemCodeRepository
+	usageLogRepo        ports.UsageLogRepository
+	userSubRepo         ports.UserSubscriptionRepository
 	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService
 }
 
 // NewAdminService creates a new AdminService
-func NewAdminService(repos *repository.Repositories, billingCacheService *BillingCacheService) AdminService {
+func NewAdminService(
+	userRepo ports.UserRepository,
+	groupRepo ports.GroupRepository,
+	accountRepo ports.AccountRepository,
+	proxyRepo ports.ProxyRepository,
+	apiKeyRepo ports.ApiKeyRepository,
+	redeemCodeRepo ports.RedeemCodeRepository,
+	usageLogRepo ports.UsageLogRepository,
+	userSubRepo ports.UserSubscriptionRepository,
+	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService,
+) AdminService {
 	return &adminServiceImpl{
-		userRepo:            repos.User,
-		groupRepo:           repos.Group,
-		accountRepo:         repos.Account,
-		proxyRepo:           repos.Proxy,
-		apiKeyRepo:          repos.ApiKey,
-		redeemCodeRepo:      repos.RedeemCode,
-		usageLogRepo:        repos.UsageLog,
-		userSubRepo:         repos.UserSubscription,
+		userRepo:            userRepo,
+		groupRepo:           groupRepo,
+		accountRepo:         accountRepo,
+		proxyRepo:           proxyRepo,
+		apiKeyRepo:          apiKeyRepo,
+		redeemCodeRepo:      redeemCodeRepo,
+		usageLogRepo:        usageLogRepo,
+		userSubRepo:         userSubRepo,
 		billingCacheService: billingCacheService,
 	}
 }
 
 // User management implementations
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) ListUsers(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, status, role, search string) ([]model.User, int64, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	users, result, err := s.userRepo.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, status, role, search)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
@@ -376,7 +387,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) UpdateUserBalance(ctx context.Context, userID int64,
 }
 
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetUserAPIKeys(ctx context.Context, userID int64, page, pageSize int) ([]model.ApiKey, int64, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	keys, result, err := s.apiKeyRepo.ListByUserID(ctx, userID, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
@@ -397,7 +408,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetUserUsageStats(ctx context.Context, userID int64,
 
 // Group management implementations
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) ListGroups(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]model.Group, int64, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	groups, result, err := s.groupRepo.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, platform, status, isExclusive)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
@@ -568,7 +579,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) DeleteGroup(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 }
 
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetGroupAPIKeys(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, page, pageSize int) ([]model.ApiKey, int64, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	keys, result, err := s.apiKeyRepo.ListByGroupID(ctx, groupID, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
@@ -578,7 +589,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) GetGroupAPIKeys(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, p
 
 // Account management implementations
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) ListAccounts(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, platform, accountType, status, search string) ([]model.Account, int64, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	accounts, result, err := s.accountRepo.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, platform, accountType, status, search)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
@@ -696,7 +707,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) SetAccountSchedulable(ctx context.Context, id int64,
 
 // Proxy management implementations
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) ListProxies(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, protocol, status, search string) ([]model.Proxy, int64, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	proxies, result, err := s.proxyRepo.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, protocol, status, search)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
@@ -781,7 +792,7 @@ func (s *adminServiceImpl) CheckProxyExists(ctx context.Context, host string, po
 
 // Redeem code management implementations
 func (s *adminServiceImpl) ListRedeemCodes(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, codeType, status, search string) ([]model.RedeemCode, int64, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
 	codes, result, err := s.redeemCodeRepo.ListWithFilters(ctx, params, codeType, status, search)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/api_key_service.go b/backend/internal/service/api_key_service.go
index b0830d3e..1e98888d 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/api_key_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/api_key_service.go
@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"sub2api/internal/config"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/timezone"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
@@ -17,12 +18,12 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	ErrApiKeyNotFound      = errors.New("api key not found")
-	ErrGroupNotAllowed     = errors.New("user is not allowed to bind this group")
-	ErrApiKeyExists        = errors.New("api key already exists")
-	ErrApiKeyTooShort      = errors.New("api key must be at least 16 characters")
-	ErrApiKeyInvalidChars  = errors.New("api key can only contain letters, numbers, underscores, and hyphens")
-	ErrApiKeyRateLimited   = errors.New("too many failed attempts, please try again later")
+	ErrApiKeyNotFound     = errors.New("api key not found")
+	ErrGroupNotAllowed    = errors.New("user is not allowed to bind this group")
+	ErrApiKeyExists       = errors.New("api key already exists")
+	ErrApiKeyTooShort     = errors.New("api key must be at least 16 characters")
+	ErrApiKeyInvalidChars = errors.New("api key can only contain letters, numbers, underscores, and hyphens")
+	ErrApiKeyRateLimited  = errors.New("too many failed attempts, please try again later")
 )
 
 const (
@@ -47,20 +48,20 @@ type UpdateApiKeyRequest struct {
 
 // ApiKeyService API Key服务
 type ApiKeyService struct {
-	apiKeyRepo  *repository.ApiKeyRepository
-	userRepo    *repository.UserRepository
-	groupRepo   *repository.GroupRepository
-	userSubRepo *repository.UserSubscriptionRepository
+	apiKeyRepo  ports.ApiKeyRepository
+	userRepo    ports.UserRepository
+	groupRepo   ports.GroupRepository
+	userSubRepo ports.UserSubscriptionRepository
 	rdb         *redis.Client
 	cfg         *config.Config
 }
 
 // NewApiKeyService 创建API Key服务实例
 func NewApiKeyService(
-	apiKeyRepo *repository.ApiKeyRepository,
-	userRepo *repository.UserRepository,
-	groupRepo *repository.GroupRepository,
-	userSubRepo *repository.UserSubscriptionRepository,
+	apiKeyRepo ports.ApiKeyRepository,
+	userRepo ports.UserRepository,
+	groupRepo ports.GroupRepository,
+	userSubRepo ports.UserSubscriptionRepository,
 	rdb *redis.Client,
 	cfg *config.Config,
 ) *ApiKeyService {
@@ -237,7 +238,7 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) Create(ctx context.Context, userID int64, req CreateApiK
 }
 
 // List 获取用户的API Key列表
-func (s *ApiKeyService) List(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params repository.PaginationParams) ([]model.ApiKey, *repository.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (s *ApiKeyService) List(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.ApiKey, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	keys, pagination, err := s.apiKeyRepo.ListByUserID(ctx, userID, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list api keys: %w", err)
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/auth_service.go b/backend/internal/service/auth_service.go
index a93a8450..def9f417 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/auth_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/auth_service.go
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"sub2api/internal/config"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ type JWTClaims struct {
 
 // AuthService 认证服务
 type AuthService struct {
-	userRepo          *repository.UserRepository
+	userRepo          ports.UserRepository
 	cfg               *config.Config
 	settingService    *SettingService
 	emailService      *EmailService
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ type AuthService struct {
 
 // NewAuthService 创建认证服务实例
 func NewAuthService(
-	userRepo *repository.UserRepository,
+	userRepo ports.UserRepository,
 	cfg *config.Config,
 	settingService *SettingService,
 	emailService *EmailService,
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/billing_cache_service.go b/backend/internal/service/billing_cache_service.go
index 0921a153..39384da6 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/billing_cache_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/billing_cache_service.go
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 
 	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
@@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ type subscriptionCacheData struct {
 // 负责余额和订阅数据的缓存管理，提供高性能的计费资格检查
 type BillingCacheService struct {
 	rdb      *redis.Client
-	userRepo *repository.UserRepository
-	subRepo  *repository.UserSubscriptionRepository
+	userRepo ports.UserRepository
+	subRepo  ports.UserSubscriptionRepository
 }
 
 // NewBillingCacheService 创建计费缓存服务
-func NewBillingCacheService(rdb *redis.Client, userRepo *repository.UserRepository, subRepo *repository.UserSubscriptionRepository) *BillingCacheService {
+func NewBillingCacheService(rdb *redis.Client, userRepo ports.UserRepository, subRepo ports.UserSubscriptionRepository) *BillingCacheService {
 	return &BillingCacheService{
 		rdb:      rdb,
 		userRepo: userRepo,
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/email_service.go b/backend/internal/service/email_service.go
index c1fa69f0..01cd98b4 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/email_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/email_service.go
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"net/smtp"
 	"strconv"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ var (
 )
 
 const (
-	verifyCodeKeyPrefix  = "email_verify:"
-	verifyCodeTTL        = 15 * time.Minute
-	verifyCodeCooldown   = 1 * time.Minute
+	verifyCodeKeyPrefix   = "email_verify:"
+	verifyCodeTTL         = 15 * time.Minute
+	verifyCodeCooldown    = 1 * time.Minute
 	maxVerifyCodeAttempts = 5
 )
 
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ type SmtpConfig struct {
 
 // EmailService 邮件服务
 type EmailService struct {
-	settingRepo *repository.SettingRepository
+	settingRepo ports.SettingRepository
 	rdb         *redis.Client
 }
 
 // NewEmailService 创建邮件服务实例
-func NewEmailService(settingRepo *repository.SettingRepository, rdb *redis.Client) *EmailService {
+func NewEmailService(settingRepo ports.SettingRepository, rdb *redis.Client) *EmailService {
 	return &EmailService{
 		settingRepo: settingRepo,
 		rdb:         rdb,
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/gateway_service.go b/backend/internal/service/gateway_service.go
index 5991a2db..aa490ea1 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/gateway_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/gateway_service.go
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"sub2api/internal/config"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/claude"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
@@ -78,7 +78,10 @@ type ForwardResult struct {
 
 // GatewayService handles API gateway operations
 type GatewayService struct {
-	repos               *repository.Repositories
+	accountRepo         ports.AccountRepository
+	usageLogRepo        ports.UsageLogRepository
+	userRepo            ports.UserRepository
+	userSubRepo         ports.UserSubscriptionRepository
 	rdb                 *redis.Client
 	cfg                 *config.Config
 	oauthService        *OAuthService
@@ -90,7 +93,19 @@ type GatewayService struct {
 }
 
 // NewGatewayService creates a new GatewayService
-func NewGatewayService(repos *repository.Repositories, rdb *redis.Client, cfg *config.Config, oauthService *OAuthService, billingService *BillingService, rateLimitService *RateLimitService, billingCacheService *BillingCacheService, identityService *IdentityService) *GatewayService {
+func NewGatewayService(
+	accountRepo ports.AccountRepository,
+	usageLogRepo ports.UsageLogRepository,
+	userRepo ports.UserRepository,
+	userSubRepo ports.UserSubscriptionRepository,
+	rdb *redis.Client,
+	cfg *config.Config,
+	oauthService *OAuthService,
+	billingService *BillingService,
+	rateLimitService *RateLimitService,
+	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService,
+	identityService *IdentityService,
+) *GatewayService {
 	// 计算响应头超时时间
 	responseHeaderTimeout := time.Duration(cfg.Gateway.ResponseHeaderTimeout) * time.Second
 	if responseHeaderTimeout == 0 {
@@ -105,7 +120,10 @@ func NewGatewayService(repos *repository.Repositories, rdb *redis.Client, cfg *c
 		// 注意：不设置整体 Timeout，让流式响应可以无限时间传输
 	}
 	return &GatewayService{
-		repos:               repos,
+		accountRepo:         accountRepo,
+		usageLogRepo:        usageLogRepo,
+		userRepo:            userRepo,
+		userSubRepo:         userSubRepo,
 		rdb:                 rdb,
 		cfg:                 cfg,
 		oauthService:        oauthService,
@@ -274,7 +292,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountForModel(ctx context.Context, groupID *int
 	if sessionHash != "" {
 		accountID, err := s.rdb.Get(ctx, stickySessionPrefix+sessionHash).Int64()
 		if err == nil && accountID > 0 {
-			account, err := s.repos.Account.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
+			account, err := s.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, accountID)
 			// 使用IsSchedulable代替IsActive，确保限流/过载账号不会被选中
 			// 同时检查模型支持
 			if err == nil && account.IsSchedulable() && (requestedModel == "" || account.IsModelSupported(requestedModel)) {
@@ -289,9 +307,9 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountForModel(ctx context.Context, groupID *int
 	var accounts []model.Account
 	var err error
 	if groupID != nil {
-		accounts, err = s.repos.Account.ListSchedulableByGroupID(ctx, *groupID)
+		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulableByGroupID(ctx, *groupID)
 	} else {
-		accounts, err = s.repos.Account.ListSchedulable(ctx)
+		accounts, err = s.accountRepo.ListSchedulable(ctx)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query accounts failed: %w", err)
@@ -378,7 +396,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) getOAuthToken(ctx context.Context, account *model.Accou
 			account.Credentials["refresh_token"] = tokenInfo.RefreshToken
 		}
 
-		if err := s.repos.Account.Update(ctx, account); err != nil {
+		if err := s.accountRepo.Update(ctx, account); err != nil {
 			log.Printf("Failed to update account credentials: %v", err)
 		}
 
@@ -667,7 +685,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) forceRefreshToken(ctx context.Context, account *model.A
 		account.Credentials["refresh_token"] = tokenInfo.RefreshToken
 	}
 
-	if err := s.repos.Account.Update(ctx, account); err != nil {
+	if err := s.accountRepo.Update(ctx, account); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Failed to update account credentials: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -999,7 +1017,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) RecordUsage(ctx context.Context, input *RecordUsageInpu
 		usageLog.SubscriptionID = &subscription.ID
 	}
 
-	if err := s.repos.UsageLog.Create(ctx, usageLog); err != nil {
+	if err := s.usageLogRepo.Create(ctx, usageLog); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Create usage log failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -1007,7 +1025,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) RecordUsage(ctx context.Context, input *RecordUsageInpu
 	if isSubscriptionBilling {
 		// 订阅模式：更新订阅用量（使用 TotalCost 原始费用，不考虑倍率）
 		if cost.TotalCost > 0 {
-			if err := s.repos.UserSubscription.IncrementUsage(ctx, subscription.ID, cost.TotalCost); err != nil {
+			if err := s.userSubRepo.IncrementUsage(ctx, subscription.ID, cost.TotalCost); err != nil {
 				log.Printf("Increment subscription usage failed: %v", err)
 			}
 			// 异步更新订阅缓存
@@ -1022,7 +1040,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) RecordUsage(ctx context.Context, input *RecordUsageInpu
 	} else {
 		// 余额模式：扣除用户余额（使用 ActualCost 考虑倍率后的费用）
 		if cost.ActualCost > 0 {
-			if err := s.repos.User.DeductBalance(ctx, user.ID, cost.ActualCost); err != nil {
+			if err := s.userRepo.DeductBalance(ctx, user.ID, cost.ActualCost); err != nil {
 				log.Printf("Deduct balance failed: %v", err)
 			}
 			// 异步更新余额缓存
@@ -1037,7 +1055,7 @@ func (s *GatewayService) RecordUsage(ctx context.Context, input *RecordUsageInpu
 	}
 
 	// 更新账号最后使用时间
-	if err := s.repos.Account.UpdateLastUsed(ctx, account.ID); err != nil {
+	if err := s.accountRepo.UpdateLastUsed(ctx, account.ID); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Update last used failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/group_service.go b/backend/internal/service/group_service.go
index 9c74c626..59222740 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/group_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/group_service.go
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -34,11 +35,11 @@ type UpdateGroupRequest struct {
 
 // GroupService 分组管理服务
 type GroupService struct {
-	groupRepo *repository.GroupRepository
+	groupRepo ports.GroupRepository
 }
 
 // NewGroupService 创建分组服务实例
-func NewGroupService(groupRepo *repository.GroupRepository) *GroupService {
+func NewGroupService(groupRepo ports.GroupRepository) *GroupService {
 	return &GroupService{
 		groupRepo: groupRepo,
 	}
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ func (s *GroupService) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.Group, err
 }
 
 // List 获取分组列表
-func (s *GroupService) List(ctx context.Context, params repository.PaginationParams) ([]model.Group, *repository.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (s *GroupService) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	groups, pagination, err := s.groupRepo.List(ctx, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list groups: %w", err)
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/oauth_service.go b/backend/internal/service/oauth_service.go
index 7e616fc4..829e267d 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/oauth_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/oauth_service.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
 	"sub2api/internal/pkg/oauth"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 
 	"github.com/imroc/req/v3"
 )
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ import (
 // OAuthService handles OAuth authentication flows
 type OAuthService struct {
 	sessionStore *oauth.SessionStore
-	proxyRepo    *repository.ProxyRepository
+	proxyRepo    ports.ProxyRepository
 }
 
 // NewOAuthService creates a new OAuth service
-func NewOAuthService(proxyRepo *repository.ProxyRepository) *OAuthService {
+func NewOAuthService(proxyRepo ports.ProxyRepository) *OAuthService {
 	return &OAuthService{
 		sessionStore: oauth.NewSessionStore(),
 		proxyRepo:    proxyRepo,
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ func (s *OAuthService) RefreshAccountToken(ctx context.Context, account *model.A
 // createReqClient creates a req client with Chrome impersonation and optional proxy
 func (s *OAuthService) createReqClient(proxyURL string) *req.Client {
 	client := req.C().
-		ImpersonateChrome().  // Impersonate Chrome browser to bypass Cloudflare
+		ImpersonateChrome(). // Impersonate Chrome browser to bypass Cloudflare
 		SetTimeout(60 * time.Second)
 
 	// Set proxy if specified
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/ports/account.go b/backend/internal/service/ports/account.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95b597d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/ports/account.go
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package ports
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+)
+
+type AccountRepository interface {
+	Create(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account) error
+	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.Account, error)
+	Update(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account) error
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+
+	List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Account, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, accountType, status, search string) ([]model.Account, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListByGroup(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]model.Account, error)
+	ListActive(ctx context.Context) ([]model.Account, error)
+	ListByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]model.Account, error)
+
+	UpdateLastUsed(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+	SetError(ctx context.Context, id int64, errorMsg string) error
+	SetSchedulable(ctx context.Context, id int64, schedulable bool) error
+	BindGroups(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, groupIDs []int64) error
+
+	ListSchedulable(ctx context.Context) ([]model.Account, error)
+	ListSchedulableByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) ([]model.Account, error)
+
+	SetRateLimited(ctx context.Context, id int64, resetAt time.Time) error
+	SetOverloaded(ctx context.Context, id int64, until time.Time) error
+	ClearRateLimit(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+	UpdateSessionWindow(ctx context.Context, id int64, start, end *time.Time, status string) error
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/ports/api_key.go b/backend/internal/service/ports/api_key.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6440971b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/ports/api_key.go
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package ports
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+)
+
+type ApiKeyRepository interface {
+	Create(ctx context.Context, key *model.ApiKey) error
+	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.ApiKey, error)
+	GetByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (*model.ApiKey, error)
+	Update(ctx context.Context, key *model.ApiKey) error
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+
+	ListByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.ApiKey, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	CountByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (int64, error)
+	ExistsByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (bool, error)
+	ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.ApiKey, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	SearchApiKeys(ctx context.Context, userID int64, keyword string, limit int) ([]model.ApiKey, error)
+	ClearGroupIDByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error)
+	CountByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error)
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/ports/group.go b/backend/internal/service/ports/group.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0e102b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/ports/group.go
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package ports
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+)
+
+type GroupRepository interface {
+	Create(ctx context.Context, group *model.Group) error
+	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.Group, error)
+	Update(ctx context.Context, group *model.Group) error
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+
+	List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, platform, status string, isExclusive *bool) ([]model.Group, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListActive(ctx context.Context) ([]model.Group, error)
+	ListActiveByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]model.Group, error)
+
+	ExistsByName(ctx context.Context, name string) (bool, error)
+	GetAccountCount(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error)
+	DeleteAccountGroupsByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error)
+
+	DB() *gorm.DB
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/ports/proxy.go b/backend/internal/service/ports/proxy.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b97ed561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/ports/proxy.go
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package ports
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+)
+
+type ProxyRepository interface {
+	Create(ctx context.Context, proxy *model.Proxy) error
+	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.Proxy, error)
+	Update(ctx context.Context, proxy *model.Proxy) error
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+
+	List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Proxy, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, protocol, status, search string) ([]model.Proxy, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListActive(ctx context.Context) ([]model.Proxy, error)
+	ListActiveWithAccountCount(ctx context.Context) ([]model.ProxyWithAccountCount, error)
+
+	ExistsByHostPortAuth(ctx context.Context, host string, port int, username, password string) (bool, error)
+	CountAccountsByProxyID(ctx context.Context, proxyID int64) (int64, error)
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/ports/redeem_code.go b/backend/internal/service/ports/redeem_code.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27f41b59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/ports/redeem_code.go
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package ports
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+)
+
+type RedeemCodeRepository interface {
+	Create(ctx context.Context, code *model.RedeemCode) error
+	CreateBatch(ctx context.Context, codes []model.RedeemCode) error
+	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.RedeemCode, error)
+	GetByCode(ctx context.Context, code string) (*model.RedeemCode, error)
+	Update(ctx context.Context, code *model.RedeemCode) error
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+	Use(ctx context.Context, id, userID int64) error
+
+	List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.RedeemCode, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, codeType, status, search string) ([]model.RedeemCode, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, limit int) ([]model.RedeemCode, error)
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/ports/setting.go b/backend/internal/service/ports/setting.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ce0fe46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/ports/setting.go
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package ports
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+)
+
+type SettingRepository interface {
+	Get(ctx context.Context, key string) (*model.Setting, error)
+	GetValue(ctx context.Context, key string) (string, error)
+	Set(ctx context.Context, key, value string) error
+	GetMultiple(ctx context.Context, keys []string) (map[string]string, error)
+	SetMultiple(ctx context.Context, settings map[string]string) error
+	GetAll(ctx context.Context) (map[string]string, error)
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, key string) error
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/ports/usage_log.go b/backend/internal/service/ports/usage_log.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8ac8a37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/ports/usage_log.go
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package ports
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/usagestats"
+)
+
+type UsageLogRepository interface {
+	Create(ctx context.Context, log *model.UsageLog) error
+	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.UsageLog, error)
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+
+	ListByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListByApiKey(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListByAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+
+	ListByUserAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, userID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListByApiKeyAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListByAccountAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListByModelAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, modelName string, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+
+	GetAccountWindowStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, startTime time.Time) (*usagestats.AccountStats, error)
+	GetAccountTodayStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) (*usagestats.AccountStats, error)
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/ports/user.go b/backend/internal/service/ports/user.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..44dcec8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/ports/user.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package ports
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+)
+
+type UserRepository interface {
+	Create(ctx context.Context, user *model.User) error
+	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.User, error)
+	GetByEmail(ctx context.Context, email string) (*model.User, error)
+	Update(ctx context.Context, user *model.User) error
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+
+	List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.User, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, status, role, search string) ([]model.User, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+
+	UpdateBalance(ctx context.Context, id int64, amount float64) error
+	DeductBalance(ctx context.Context, id int64, amount float64) error
+	UpdateConcurrency(ctx context.Context, id int64, amount int) error
+	ExistsByEmail(ctx context.Context, email string) (bool, error)
+	RemoveGroupFromAllowedGroups(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error)
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/ports/user_subscription.go b/backend/internal/service/ports/user_subscription.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba41dd89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/ports/user_subscription.go
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package ports
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"sub2api/internal/model"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+)
+
+type UserSubscriptionRepository interface {
+	Create(ctx context.Context, sub *model.UserSubscription) error
+	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.UserSubscription, error)
+	GetByUserIDAndGroupID(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) (*model.UserSubscription, error)
+	GetActiveByUserIDAndGroupID(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) (*model.UserSubscription, error)
+	Update(ctx context.Context, sub *model.UserSubscription) error
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
+
+	ListByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]model.UserSubscription, error)
+	ListActiveByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]model.UserSubscription, error)
+	ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, userID, groupID *int64, status string) ([]model.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+
+	ExistsByUserIDAndGroupID(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) (bool, error)
+	ExtendExpiry(ctx context.Context, subscriptionID int64, newExpiresAt time.Time) error
+	UpdateStatus(ctx context.Context, subscriptionID int64, status string) error
+	UpdateNotes(ctx context.Context, subscriptionID int64, notes string) error
+
+	ActivateWindows(ctx context.Context, id int64, start time.Time) error
+	ResetDailyUsage(ctx context.Context, id int64, newWindowStart time.Time) error
+	ResetWeeklyUsage(ctx context.Context, id int64, newWindowStart time.Time) error
+	ResetMonthlyUsage(ctx context.Context, id int64, newWindowStart time.Time) error
+	IncrementUsage(ctx context.Context, id int64, costUSD float64) error
+
+	BatchUpdateExpiredStatus(ctx context.Context) (int64, error)
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/proxy_service.go b/backend/internal/service/proxy_service.go
index 92cba53a..a6a1f924 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/proxy_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/proxy_service.go
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -37,11 +38,11 @@ type UpdateProxyRequest struct {
 
 // ProxyService 代理管理服务
 type ProxyService struct {
-	proxyRepo *repository.ProxyRepository
+	proxyRepo ports.ProxyRepository
 }
 
 // NewProxyService 创建代理服务实例
-func NewProxyService(proxyRepo *repository.ProxyRepository) *ProxyService {
+func NewProxyService(proxyRepo ports.ProxyRepository) *ProxyService {
 	return &ProxyService{
 		proxyRepo: proxyRepo,
 	}
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ func (s *ProxyService) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.Proxy, err
 }
 
 // List 获取代理列表
-func (s *ProxyService) List(ctx context.Context, params repository.PaginationParams) ([]model.Proxy, *repository.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (s *ProxyService) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.Proxy, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	proxies, pagination, err := s.proxyRepo.List(ctx, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list proxies: %w", err)
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/ratelimit_service.go b/backend/internal/service/ratelimit_service.go
index 43feef30..41d3736f 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/ratelimit_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/ratelimit_service.go
@@ -9,20 +9,20 @@ import (
 
 	"sub2api/internal/config"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 )
 
 // RateLimitService 处理限流和过载状态管理
 type RateLimitService struct {
-	repos *repository.Repositories
-	cfg   *config.Config
+	accountRepo ports.AccountRepository
+	cfg         *config.Config
 }
 
 // NewRateLimitService 创建RateLimitService实例
-func NewRateLimitService(repos *repository.Repositories, cfg *config.Config) *RateLimitService {
+func NewRateLimitService(accountRepo ports.AccountRepository, cfg *config.Config) *RateLimitService {
 	return &RateLimitService{
-		repos: repos,
-		cfg:   cfg,
+		accountRepo: accountRepo,
+		cfg:         cfg,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) HandleUpstreamError(ctx context.Context, account *mod
 
 // handleAuthError 处理认证类错误(401/403)，停止账号调度
 func (s *RateLimitService) handleAuthError(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account, errorMsg string) {
-	if err := s.repos.Account.SetError(ctx, account.ID, errorMsg); err != nil {
+	if err := s.accountRepo.SetError(ctx, account.ID, errorMsg); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("SetError failed for account %d: %v", account.ID, err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) handle429(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account
 	if resetTimestamp == "" {
 		// 没有重置时间，使用默认5分钟
 		resetAt := time.Now().Add(5 * time.Minute)
-		if err := s.repos.Account.SetRateLimited(ctx, account.ID, resetAt); err != nil {
+		if err := s.accountRepo.SetRateLimited(ctx, account.ID, resetAt); err != nil {
 			log.Printf("SetRateLimited failed for account %d: %v", account.ID, err)
 		}
 		return
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) handle429(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Printf("Parse reset timestamp failed: %v", err)
 		resetAt := time.Now().Add(5 * time.Minute)
-		if err := s.repos.Account.SetRateLimited(ctx, account.ID, resetAt); err != nil {
+		if err := s.accountRepo.SetRateLimited(ctx, account.ID, resetAt); err != nil {
 			log.Printf("SetRateLimited failed for account %d: %v", account.ID, err)
 		}
 		return
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) handle429(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account
 	resetAt := time.Unix(ts, 0)
 
 	// 标记限流状态
-	if err := s.repos.Account.SetRateLimited(ctx, account.ID, resetAt); err != nil {
+	if err := s.accountRepo.SetRateLimited(ctx, account.ID, resetAt); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("SetRateLimited failed for account %d: %v", account.ID, err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) handle429(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account
 	// 根据重置时间反推5h窗口
 	windowEnd := resetAt
 	windowStart := resetAt.Add(-5 * time.Hour)
-	if err := s.repos.Account.UpdateSessionWindow(ctx, account.ID, &windowStart, &windowEnd, "rejected"); err != nil {
+	if err := s.accountRepo.UpdateSessionWindow(ctx, account.ID, &windowStart, &windowEnd, "rejected"); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("UpdateSessionWindow failed for account %d: %v", account.ID, err)
 	}
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) handle529(ctx context.Context, account *model.Account
 	}
 
 	until := time.Now().Add(time.Duration(cooldownMinutes) * time.Minute)
-	if err := s.repos.Account.SetOverloaded(ctx, account.ID, until); err != nil {
+	if err := s.accountRepo.SetOverloaded(ctx, account.ID, until); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("SetOverloaded failed for account %d: %v", account.ID, err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -152,13 +152,13 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) UpdateSessionWindow(ctx context.Context, account *mod
 		log.Printf("Account %d: initializing 5h window from %v to %v (status: %s)", account.ID, start, end, status)
 	}
 
-	if err := s.repos.Account.UpdateSessionWindow(ctx, account.ID, windowStart, windowEnd, status); err != nil {
+	if err := s.accountRepo.UpdateSessionWindow(ctx, account.ID, windowStart, windowEnd, status); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("UpdateSessionWindow failed for account %d: %v", account.ID, err)
 	}
 
 	// 如果状态为allowed且之前有限流，说明窗口已重置，清除限流状态
 	if status == "allowed" && account.IsRateLimited() {
-		if err := s.repos.Account.ClearRateLimit(ctx, account.ID); err != nil {
+		if err := s.accountRepo.ClearRateLimit(ctx, account.ID); err != nil {
 			log.Printf("ClearRateLimit failed for account %d: %v", account.ID, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -166,5 +166,5 @@ func (s *RateLimitService) UpdateSessionWindow(ctx context.Context, account *mod
 
 // ClearRateLimit 清除账号的限流状态
 func (s *RateLimitService) ClearRateLimit(ctx context.Context, accountID int64) error {
-	return s.repos.Account.ClearRateLimit(ctx, accountID)
+	return s.accountRepo.ClearRateLimit(ctx, accountID)
 }
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/redeem_service.go b/backend/internal/service/redeem_service.go
index d9c45364..72137f1b 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/redeem_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/redeem_service.go
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
@@ -49,8 +50,8 @@ type RedeemCodeResponse struct {
 
 // RedeemService 兑换码服务
 type RedeemService struct {
-	redeemRepo          *repository.RedeemCodeRepository
-	userRepo            *repository.UserRepository
+	redeemRepo          ports.RedeemCodeRepository
+	userRepo            ports.UserRepository
 	subscriptionService *SubscriptionService
 	rdb                 *redis.Client
 	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService
@@ -58,8 +59,8 @@ type RedeemService struct {
 
 // NewRedeemService 创建兑换码服务实例
 func NewRedeemService(
-	redeemRepo *repository.RedeemCodeRepository,
-	userRepo *repository.UserRepository,
+	redeemRepo ports.RedeemCodeRepository,
+	userRepo ports.UserRepository,
 	subscriptionService *SubscriptionService,
 	rdb *redis.Client,
 	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService,
@@ -337,7 +338,7 @@ func (s *RedeemService) GetByCode(ctx context.Context, code string) (*model.Rede
 }
 
 // List 获取兑换码列表（管理员功能）
-func (s *RedeemService) List(ctx context.Context, params repository.PaginationParams) ([]model.RedeemCode, *repository.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (s *RedeemService) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.RedeemCode, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	codes, pagination, err := s.redeemRepo.List(ctx, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list redeem codes: %w", err)
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/setting_service.go b/backend/internal/service/setting_service.go
index 013b07f6..afd6a3a9 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/setting_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/setting_service.go
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"sub2api/internal/config"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ var (
 
 // SettingService 系统设置服务
 type SettingService struct {
-	settingRepo *repository.SettingRepository
+	settingRepo ports.SettingRepository
 	cfg         *config.Config
 }
 
 // NewSettingService 创建系统设置服务实例
-func NewSettingService(settingRepo *repository.SettingRepository, cfg *config.Config) *SettingService {
+func NewSettingService(settingRepo ports.SettingRepository, cfg *config.Config) *SettingService {
 	return &SettingService{
 		settingRepo: settingRepo,
 		cfg:         cfg,
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/subscription_service.go b/backend/internal/service/subscription_service.go
index 1e1bd3c6..590b09e8 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/subscription_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/subscription_service.go
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -23,14 +24,16 @@ var (
 
 // SubscriptionService 订阅服务
 type SubscriptionService struct {
-	repos               *repository.Repositories
+	groupRepo           ports.GroupRepository
+	userSubRepo         ports.UserSubscriptionRepository
 	billingCacheService *BillingCacheService
 }
 
 // NewSubscriptionService 创建订阅服务
-func NewSubscriptionService(repos *repository.Repositories, billingCacheService *BillingCacheService) *SubscriptionService {
+func NewSubscriptionService(groupRepo ports.GroupRepository, userSubRepo ports.UserSubscriptionRepository, billingCacheService *BillingCacheService) *SubscriptionService {
 	return &SubscriptionService{
-		repos:               repos,
+		groupRepo:           groupRepo,
+		userSubRepo:         userSubRepo,
 		billingCacheService: billingCacheService,
 	}
 }
@@ -47,7 +50,7 @@ type AssignSubscriptionInput struct {
 // AssignSubscription 分配订阅给用户（不允许重复分配）
 func (s *SubscriptionService) AssignSubscription(ctx context.Context, input *AssignSubscriptionInput) (*model.UserSubscription, error) {
 	// 检查分组是否存在且为订阅类型
-	group, err := s.repos.Group.GetByID(ctx, input.GroupID)
+	group, err := s.groupRepo.GetByID(ctx, input.GroupID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("group not found: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) AssignSubscription(ctx context.Context, input *Ass
 	}
 
 	// 检查是否已存在订阅
-	exists, err := s.repos.UserSubscription.ExistsByUserIDAndGroupID(ctx, input.UserID, input.GroupID)
+	exists, err := s.userSubRepo.ExistsByUserIDAndGroupID(ctx, input.UserID, input.GroupID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -90,7 +93,7 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) AssignSubscription(ctx context.Context, input *Ass
 // 如果没有订阅：创建新订阅
 func (s *SubscriptionService) AssignOrExtendSubscription(ctx context.Context, input *AssignSubscriptionInput) (*model.UserSubscription, bool, error) {
 	// 检查分组是否存在且为订阅类型
-	group, err := s.repos.Group.GetByID(ctx, input.GroupID)
+	group, err := s.groupRepo.GetByID(ctx, input.GroupID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("group not found: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -99,7 +102,7 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) AssignOrExtendSubscription(ctx context.Context, in
 	}
 
 	// 查询是否已有订阅
-	existingSub, err := s.repos.UserSubscription.GetByUserIDAndGroupID(ctx, input.UserID, input.GroupID)
+	existingSub, err := s.userSubRepo.GetByUserIDAndGroupID(ctx, input.UserID, input.GroupID)
 	if err != nil {
 		// 不存在记录是正常情况，其他错误需要返回
 		existingSub = nil
@@ -124,13 +127,13 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) AssignOrExtendSubscription(ctx context.Context, in
 		}
 
 		// 更新过期时间
-		if err := s.repos.UserSubscription.ExtendExpiry(ctx, existingSub.ID, newExpiresAt); err != nil {
+		if err := s.userSubRepo.ExtendExpiry(ctx, existingSub.ID, newExpiresAt); err != nil {
 			return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("extend subscription: %w", err)
 		}
 
 		// 如果订阅已过期或被暂停，恢复为active状态
 		if existingSub.Status != model.SubscriptionStatusActive {
-			if err := s.repos.UserSubscription.UpdateStatus(ctx, existingSub.ID, model.SubscriptionStatusActive); err != nil {
+			if err := s.userSubRepo.UpdateStatus(ctx, existingSub.ID, model.SubscriptionStatusActive); err != nil {
 				return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("update subscription status: %w", err)
 			}
 		}
@@ -142,7 +145,7 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) AssignOrExtendSubscription(ctx context.Context, in
 				newNotes += "\n"
 			}
 			newNotes += input.Notes
-			if err := s.repos.UserSubscription.UpdateNotes(ctx, existingSub.ID, newNotes); err != nil {
+			if err := s.userSubRepo.UpdateNotes(ctx, existingSub.ID, newNotes); err != nil {
 				// 备注更新失败不影响主流程
 			}
 		}
@@ -158,7 +161,7 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) AssignOrExtendSubscription(ctx context.Context, in
 		}
 
 		// 返回更新后的订阅
-		sub, err := s.repos.UserSubscription.GetByID(ctx, existingSub.ID)
+		sub, err := s.userSubRepo.GetByID(ctx, existingSub.ID)
 		return sub, true, err // true 表示是续期
 	}
 
@@ -205,12 +208,12 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) createSubscription(ctx context.Context, input *Ass
 		sub.AssignedBy = &input.AssignedBy
 	}
 
-	if err := s.repos.UserSubscription.Create(ctx, sub); err != nil {
+	if err := s.userSubRepo.Create(ctx, sub); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	// 重新获取完整订阅信息（包含关联）
-	return s.repos.UserSubscription.GetByID(ctx, sub.ID)
+	return s.userSubRepo.GetByID(ctx, sub.ID)
 }
 
 // BulkAssignSubscriptionInput 批量分配订阅输入
@@ -260,12 +263,12 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) BulkAssignSubscription(ctx context.Context, input
 // RevokeSubscription 撤销订阅
 func (s *SubscriptionService) RevokeSubscription(ctx context.Context, subscriptionID int64) error {
 	// 先获取订阅信息用于失效缓存
-	sub, err := s.repos.UserSubscription.GetByID(ctx, subscriptionID)
+	sub, err := s.userSubRepo.GetByID(ctx, subscriptionID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if err := s.repos.UserSubscription.Delete(ctx, subscriptionID); err != nil {
+	if err := s.userSubRepo.Delete(ctx, subscriptionID); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
@@ -284,20 +287,20 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) RevokeSubscription(ctx context.Context, subscripti
 
 // ExtendSubscription 延长订阅
 func (s *SubscriptionService) ExtendSubscription(ctx context.Context, subscriptionID int64, days int) (*model.UserSubscription, error) {
-	sub, err := s.repos.UserSubscription.GetByID(ctx, subscriptionID)
+	sub, err := s.userSubRepo.GetByID(ctx, subscriptionID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, ErrSubscriptionNotFound
 	}
 
 	// 计算新的过期时间
 	newExpiresAt := sub.ExpiresAt.AddDate(0, 0, days)
-	if err := s.repos.UserSubscription.ExtendExpiry(ctx, subscriptionID, newExpiresAt); err != nil {
+	if err := s.userSubRepo.ExtendExpiry(ctx, subscriptionID, newExpiresAt); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	// 如果订阅已过期，恢复为active状态
 	if sub.Status == model.SubscriptionStatusExpired {
-		if err := s.repos.UserSubscription.UpdateStatus(ctx, subscriptionID, model.SubscriptionStatusActive); err != nil {
+		if err := s.userSubRepo.UpdateStatus(ctx, subscriptionID, model.SubscriptionStatusActive); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
@@ -312,17 +315,17 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) ExtendSubscription(ctx context.Context, subscripti
 		}()
 	}
 
-	return s.repos.UserSubscription.GetByID(ctx, subscriptionID)
+	return s.userSubRepo.GetByID(ctx, subscriptionID)
 }
 
 // GetByID 根据ID获取订阅
 func (s *SubscriptionService) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.UserSubscription, error) {
-	return s.repos.UserSubscription.GetByID(ctx, id)
+	return s.userSubRepo.GetByID(ctx, id)
 }
 
 // GetActiveSubscription 获取用户对特定分组的有效订阅
 func (s *SubscriptionService) GetActiveSubscription(ctx context.Context, userID, groupID int64) (*model.UserSubscription, error) {
-	sub, err := s.repos.UserSubscription.GetActiveByUserIDAndGroupID(ctx, userID, groupID)
+	sub, err := s.userSubRepo.GetActiveByUserIDAndGroupID(ctx, userID, groupID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, ErrSubscriptionNotFound
 	}
@@ -331,24 +334,24 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) GetActiveSubscription(ctx context.Context, userID,
 
 // ListUserSubscriptions 获取用户的所有订阅
 func (s *SubscriptionService) ListUserSubscriptions(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]model.UserSubscription, error) {
-	return s.repos.UserSubscription.ListByUserID(ctx, userID)
+	return s.userSubRepo.ListByUserID(ctx, userID)
 }
 
 // ListActiveUserSubscriptions 获取用户的所有有效订阅
 func (s *SubscriptionService) ListActiveUserSubscriptions(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]model.UserSubscription, error) {
-	return s.repos.UserSubscription.ListActiveByUserID(ctx, userID)
+	return s.userSubRepo.ListActiveByUserID(ctx, userID)
 }
 
 // ListGroupSubscriptions 获取分组的所有订阅
-func (s *SubscriptionService) ListGroupSubscriptions(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, page, pageSize int) ([]model.UserSubscription, *repository.PaginationResult, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
-	return s.repos.UserSubscription.ListByGroupID(ctx, groupID, params)
+func (s *SubscriptionService) ListGroupSubscriptions(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, page, pageSize int) ([]model.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	return s.userSubRepo.ListByGroupID(ctx, groupID, params)
 }
 
 // List 获取所有订阅（分页，支持筛选）
-func (s *SubscriptionService) List(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, userID, groupID *int64, status string) ([]model.UserSubscription, *repository.PaginationResult, error) {
-	params := repository.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
-	return s.repos.UserSubscription.List(ctx, params, userID, groupID, status)
+func (s *SubscriptionService) List(ctx context.Context, page, pageSize int, userID, groupID *int64, status string) ([]model.UserSubscription, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
+	params := pagination.PaginationParams{Page: page, PageSize: pageSize}
+	return s.userSubRepo.List(ctx, params, userID, groupID, status)
 }
 
 // CheckAndActivateWindow 检查并激活窗口（首次使用时）
@@ -358,7 +361,7 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) CheckAndActivateWindow(ctx context.Context, sub *m
 	}
 
 	now := time.Now()
-	return s.repos.UserSubscription.ActivateWindows(ctx, sub.ID, now)
+	return s.userSubRepo.ActivateWindows(ctx, sub.ID, now)
 }
 
 // CheckAndResetWindows 检查并重置过期的窗口
@@ -367,7 +370,7 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) CheckAndResetWindows(ctx context.Context, sub *mod
 
 	// 日窗口重置（24小时）
 	if sub.NeedsDailyReset() {
-		if err := s.repos.UserSubscription.ResetDailyUsage(ctx, sub.ID, now); err != nil {
+		if err := s.userSubRepo.ResetDailyUsage(ctx, sub.ID, now); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		sub.DailyWindowStart = &now
@@ -376,7 +379,7 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) CheckAndResetWindows(ctx context.Context, sub *mod
 
 	// 周窗口重置（7天）
 	if sub.NeedsWeeklyReset() {
-		if err := s.repos.UserSubscription.ResetWeeklyUsage(ctx, sub.ID, now); err != nil {
+		if err := s.userSubRepo.ResetWeeklyUsage(ctx, sub.ID, now); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		sub.WeeklyWindowStart = &now
@@ -385,7 +388,7 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) CheckAndResetWindows(ctx context.Context, sub *mod
 
 	// 月窗口重置（30天）
 	if sub.NeedsMonthlyReset() {
-		if err := s.repos.UserSubscription.ResetMonthlyUsage(ctx, sub.ID, now); err != nil {
+		if err := s.userSubRepo.ResetMonthlyUsage(ctx, sub.ID, now); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		sub.MonthlyWindowStart = &now
@@ -411,7 +414,7 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) CheckUsageLimits(ctx context.Context, sub *model.U
 
 // RecordUsage 记录使用量到订阅
 func (s *SubscriptionService) RecordUsage(ctx context.Context, subscriptionID int64, costUSD float64) error {
-	return s.repos.UserSubscription.IncrementUsage(ctx, subscriptionID, costUSD)
+	return s.userSubRepo.IncrementUsage(ctx, subscriptionID, costUSD)
 }
 
 // SubscriptionProgress 订阅进度
@@ -438,14 +441,14 @@ type UsageWindowProgress struct {
 
 // GetSubscriptionProgress 获取订阅使用进度
 func (s *SubscriptionService) GetSubscriptionProgress(ctx context.Context, subscriptionID int64) (*SubscriptionProgress, error) {
-	sub, err := s.repos.UserSubscription.GetByID(ctx, subscriptionID)
+	sub, err := s.userSubRepo.GetByID(ctx, subscriptionID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, ErrSubscriptionNotFound
 	}
 
 	group := sub.Group
 	if group == nil {
-		group, err = s.repos.Group.GetByID(ctx, sub.GroupID)
+		group, err = s.groupRepo.GetByID(ctx, sub.GroupID)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -535,7 +538,7 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) GetSubscriptionProgress(ctx context.Context, subsc
 
 // GetUserSubscriptionsWithProgress 获取用户所有订阅及进度
 func (s *SubscriptionService) GetUserSubscriptionsWithProgress(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]SubscriptionProgress, error) {
-	subs, err := s.repos.UserSubscription.ListActiveByUserID(ctx, userID)
+	subs, err := s.userSubRepo.ListActiveByUserID(ctx, userID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -554,7 +557,7 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) GetUserSubscriptionsWithProgress(ctx context.Conte
 
 // UpdateExpiredSubscriptions 更新过期订阅状态（定时任务调用）
 func (s *SubscriptionService) UpdateExpiredSubscriptions(ctx context.Context) (int64, error) {
-	return s.repos.UserSubscription.BatchUpdateExpiredStatus(ctx)
+	return s.userSubRepo.BatchUpdateExpiredStatus(ctx)
 }
 
 // ValidateSubscription 验证订阅是否有效
@@ -567,7 +570,7 @@ func (s *SubscriptionService) ValidateSubscription(ctx context.Context, sub *mod
 	}
 	if sub.IsExpired() {
 		// 更新状态
-		_ = s.repos.UserSubscription.UpdateStatus(ctx, sub.ID, model.SubscriptionStatusExpired)
+		_ = s.userSubRepo.UpdateStatus(ctx, sub.ID, model.SubscriptionStatusExpired)
 		return ErrSubscriptionExpired
 	}
 	return nil
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/usage_service.go b/backend/internal/service/usage_service.go
index 214ba26a..97d13950 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/usage_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/usage_service.go
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 	"time"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -41,24 +42,24 @@ type CreateUsageLogRequest struct {
 
 // UsageStats 使用统计
 type UsageStats struct {
-	TotalRequests        int64   `json:"total_requests"`
-	TotalInputTokens     int64   `json:"total_input_tokens"`
-	TotalOutputTokens    int64   `json:"total_output_tokens"`
-	TotalCacheTokens     int64   `json:"total_cache_tokens"`
-	TotalTokens          int64   `json:"total_tokens"`
-	TotalCost            float64 `json:"total_cost"`
-	TotalActualCost      float64 `json:"total_actual_cost"`
-	AverageDurationMs    float64 `json:"average_duration_ms"`
+	TotalRequests     int64   `json:"total_requests"`
+	TotalInputTokens  int64   `json:"total_input_tokens"`
+	TotalOutputTokens int64   `json:"total_output_tokens"`
+	TotalCacheTokens  int64   `json:"total_cache_tokens"`
+	TotalTokens       int64   `json:"total_tokens"`
+	TotalCost         float64 `json:"total_cost"`
+	TotalActualCost   float64 `json:"total_actual_cost"`
+	AverageDurationMs float64 `json:"average_duration_ms"`
 }
 
 // UsageService 使用统计服务
 type UsageService struct {
-	usageRepo *repository.UsageLogRepository
-	userRepo  *repository.UserRepository
+	usageRepo ports.UsageLogRepository
+	userRepo  ports.UserRepository
 }
 
 // NewUsageService 创建使用统计服务实例
-func NewUsageService(usageRepo *repository.UsageLogRepository, userRepo *repository.UserRepository) *UsageService {
+func NewUsageService(usageRepo ports.UsageLogRepository, userRepo ports.UserRepository) *UsageService {
 	return &UsageService{
 		usageRepo: usageRepo,
 		userRepo:  userRepo,
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ func (s *UsageService) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.UsageLog,
 }
 
 // ListByUser 获取用户的使用日志列表
-func (s *UsageService) ListByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params repository.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *repository.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (s *UsageService) ListByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	logs, pagination, err := s.usageRepo.ListByUser(ctx, userID, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list usage logs: %w", err)
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ func (s *UsageService) ListByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params repo
 }
 
 // ListByApiKey 获取API Key的使用日志列表
-func (s *UsageService) ListByApiKey(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, params repository.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *repository.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (s *UsageService) ListByApiKey(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	logs, pagination, err := s.usageRepo.ListByApiKey(ctx, apiKeyID, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list usage logs: %w", err)
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ func (s *UsageService) ListByApiKey(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, params
 }
 
 // ListByAccount 获取账号的使用日志列表
-func (s *UsageService) ListByAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, params repository.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *repository.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (s *UsageService) ListByAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	logs, pagination, err := s.usageRepo.ListByAccount(ctx, accountID, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list usage logs: %w", err)
@@ -233,15 +234,15 @@ func (s *UsageService) GetDailyStats(ctx context.Context, userID int64, days int
 		}
 
 		result = append(result, map[string]interface{}{
-			"date":                  date,
-			"total_requests":        stats.TotalRequests,
-			"total_input_tokens":    stats.TotalInputTokens,
-			"total_output_tokens":   stats.TotalOutputTokens,
-			"total_cache_tokens":    stats.TotalCacheTokens,
-			"total_tokens":          stats.TotalTokens,
-			"total_cost":            stats.TotalCost,
-			"total_actual_cost":     stats.TotalActualCost,
-			"average_duration_ms":   stats.AverageDurationMs,
+			"date":                date,
+			"total_requests":      stats.TotalRequests,
+			"total_input_tokens":  stats.TotalInputTokens,
+			"total_output_tokens": stats.TotalOutputTokens,
+			"total_cache_tokens":  stats.TotalCacheTokens,
+			"total_tokens":        stats.TotalTokens,
+			"total_cost":          stats.TotalCost,
+			"total_actual_cost":   stats.TotalActualCost,
+			"average_duration_ms": stats.AverageDurationMs,
 		})
 	}
 
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/user_service.go b/backend/internal/service/user_service.go
index bc0af756..07bfac8e 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/user_service.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/user_service.go
@@ -6,16 +6,17 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"sub2api/internal/config"
 	"sub2api/internal/model"
-	"sub2api/internal/repository"
+	"sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
+	"sub2api/internal/service/ports"
 
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
 
 var (
-	ErrUserNotFound       = errors.New("user not found")
-	ErrPasswordIncorrect  = errors.New("current password is incorrect")
-	ErrInsufficientPerms  = errors.New("insufficient permissions")
+	ErrUserNotFound      = errors.New("user not found")
+	ErrPasswordIncorrect = errors.New("current password is incorrect")
+	ErrInsufficientPerms = errors.New("insufficient permissions")
 )
 
 // UpdateProfileRequest 更新用户资料请求
@@ -32,12 +33,12 @@ type ChangePasswordRequest struct {
 
 // UserService 用户服务
 type UserService struct {
-	userRepo *repository.UserRepository
+	userRepo ports.UserRepository
 	cfg      *config.Config
 }
 
 // NewUserService 创建用户服务实例
-func NewUserService(userRepo *repository.UserRepository, cfg *config.Config) *UserService {
+func NewUserService(userRepo ports.UserRepository, cfg *config.Config) *UserService {
 	return &UserService{
 		userRepo: userRepo,
 		cfg:      cfg,
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ func (s *UserService) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*model.User, error
 }
 
 // List 获取用户列表（管理员功能）
-func (s *UserService) List(ctx context.Context, params repository.PaginationParams) ([]model.User, *repository.PaginationResult, error) {
+func (s *UserService) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]model.User, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	users, pagination, err := s.userRepo.List(ctx, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("list users: %w", err)