diff --git a/backend/internal/integration/e2e_gateway_test.go b/backend/internal/integration/e2e_gateway_test.go
index 38505418..70343a3d 100644
--- a/backend/internal/integration/e2e_gateway_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/integration/e2e_gateway_test.go
@@ -630,3 +630,102 @@ func testClaudeThinkingWithToolHistory(t *testing.T, model string) {
 	}
 	t.Logf("✅ thinking 模式工具调用测试通过, id=%v", result["id"])
 }
+
+// TestClaudeMessagesWithInvalidThinkingSignature 测试历史 thinking block 带有无效 signature 的场景
+// 验证：系统应使用 dummy signature 替换历史的无效 signature
+func TestClaudeMessagesWithInvalidThinkingSignature(t *testing.T) {
+	models := []string{
+		"claude-haiku-4-5-20251001", // gemini-3-flash
+	}
+	for i, model := range models {
+		if i > 0 {
+			time.Sleep(testInterval)
+		}
+		t.Run(model+"_无效thinking签名", func(t *testing.T) {
+			testClaudeWithInvalidThinkingSignature(t, model)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func testClaudeWithInvalidThinkingSignature(t *testing.T, model string) {
+	url := baseURL + "/v1/messages"
+
+	// 模拟历史对话包含 thinking block 带有无效/过期的 signature
+	payload := map[string]any{
+		"model":      model,
+		"max_tokens": 200,
+		"stream":     false,
+		// 开启 thinking 模式
+		"thinking": map[string]any{
+			"type":          "enabled",
+			"budget_tokens": 1024,
+		},
+		"messages": []any{
+			map[string]any{
+				"role":    "user",
+				"content": "What is 2+2?",
+			},
+			// assistant 消息包含 thinking block 和无效 signature
+			map[string]any{
+				"role": "assistant",
+				"content": []map[string]any{
+					{
+						"type":      "thinking",
+						"thinking":  "Let me calculate 2+2...",
+						"signature": "invalid_expired_signature_abc123", // 模拟过期的 signature
+					},
+					{
+						"type": "text",
+						"text": "2+2 equals 4.",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			map[string]any{
+				"role":    "user",
+				"content": "What is 3+3?",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	body, _ := json.Marshal(payload)
+
+	req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", url, bytes.NewReader(body))
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+claudeAPIKey)
+	req.Header.Set("anthropic-version", "2023-06-01")
+
+	client := &http.Client{Timeout: 60 * time.Second}
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("请求失败: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+
+	// 400 错误说明 signature 处理失败
+	if resp.StatusCode == 400 {
+		t.Fatalf("无效 thinking signature 处理失败，收到 400 错误: %s", string(respBody))
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode == 503 {
+		t.Skipf("账号暂时不可用 (503): %s", string(respBody))
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode == 429 {
+		t.Skipf("请求被限流 (429): %s", string(respBody))
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != 200 {
+		t.Fatalf("HTTP %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(respBody))
+	}
+
+	var result map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(respBody, &result); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("解析响应失败: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if result["type"] != "message" {
+		t.Errorf("期望 type=message, 得到 %v", result["type"])
+	}
+	t.Logf("✅ 无效 thinking signature 处理测试通过, id=%v", result["id"])
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/request_transformer.go b/backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/request_transformer.go
index a41168ed..25d54714 100644
--- a/backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/request_transformer.go
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/request_transformer.go
@@ -139,8 +139,12 @@ func buildContents(messages []ClaudeMessage, toolIDToName map[string]string, isT
 				}
 			}
 			if !hasThoughtPart && len(parts) > 0 {
-				// 在开头添加 dummy thinking block
-				parts = append([]GeminiPart{{Text: "Thinking...", Thought: true}}, parts...)
+				// 在开头添加 dummy thinking block（需要 signature）
+				parts = append([]GeminiPart{{
+					Text:             "Thinking...",
+					Thought:          true,
+					ThoughtSignature: dummyThoughtSignature,
+				}}, parts...)
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -192,8 +196,10 @@ func buildParts(content json.RawMessage, toolIDToName map[string]string, isThink
 				Text:    block.Thinking,
 				Thought: true,
 			}
-			if block.Signature != "" {
-				part.ThoughtSignature = block.Signature
+			// 历史 thinking block 的 signature 可能已过期，统一使用 dummy signature
+			// 参考: https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/thought-signatures
+			if isThinkingEnabled {
+				part.ThoughtSignature = dummyThoughtSignature
 			}
 			parts = append(parts, part)
 
@@ -213,18 +219,14 @@ func buildParts(content json.RawMessage, toolIDToName map[string]string, isThink
 				toolIDToName[block.ID] = block.Name
 			}
 
+			// 与 proxycast 保持一致：function_call 无条件添加 thought_signature
 			part := GeminiPart{
 				FunctionCall: &GeminiFunctionCall{
 					Name: block.Name,
 					Args: block.Input,
 					ID:   block.ID,
 				},
-			}
-			// Gemini 3 要求 thinking 模式下 functionCall 必须有 thought_signature
-			if block.Signature != "" {
-				part.ThoughtSignature = block.Signature
-			} else if isThinkingEnabled {
-				part.ThoughtSignature = dummyThoughtSignature
+				ThoughtSignature: dummyThoughtSignature,
 			}
 			parts = append(parts, part)