diff --git a/backend/internal/pkg/apicompat/anthropic_to_responses_response.go b/backend/internal/pkg/apicompat/anthropic_to_responses_response.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c5e330c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/apicompat/anthropic_to_responses_response.go
@@ -0,0 +1,526 @@
+package apicompat
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Non-streaming: AnthropicResponse → ResponsesResponse
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// AnthropicToResponsesResponse converts an Anthropic Messages response into a
+// Responses API response. This is the reverse of ResponsesToAnthropic and
+// enables Anthropic upstream responses to be returned in OpenAI Responses format.
+func AnthropicToResponsesResponse(resp *AnthropicResponse) *ResponsesResponse {
+	id := resp.ID
+	if id == "" {
+		id = generateResponsesID()
+	}
+
+	out := &ResponsesResponse{
+		ID:     id,
+		Object: "response",
+		Model:  resp.Model,
+	}
+
+	var outputs []ResponsesOutput
+	var msgParts []ResponsesContentPart
+
+	for _, block := range resp.Content {
+		switch block.Type {
+		case "thinking":
+			if block.Thinking != "" {
+				outputs = append(outputs, ResponsesOutput{
+					Type: "reasoning",
+					ID:   generateItemID(),
+					Summary: []ResponsesSummary{{
+						Type: "summary_text",
+						Text: block.Thinking,
+					}},
+				})
+			}
+		case "text":
+			if block.Text != "" {
+				msgParts = append(msgParts, ResponsesContentPart{
+					Type: "output_text",
+					Text: block.Text,
+				})
+			}
+		case "tool_use":
+			args := "{}"
+			if len(block.Input) > 0 {
+				args = string(block.Input)
+			}
+			outputs = append(outputs, ResponsesOutput{
+				Type:      "function_call",
+				ID:        generateItemID(),
+				CallID:    toResponsesCallID(block.ID),
+				Name:      block.Name,
+				Arguments: args,
+				Status:    "completed",
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Assemble message output item from text parts
+	if len(msgParts) > 0 {
+		outputs = append(outputs, ResponsesOutput{
+			Type:    "message",
+			ID:      generateItemID(),
+			Role:    "assistant",
+			Content: msgParts,
+			Status:  "completed",
+		})
+	}
+
+	if len(outputs) == 0 {
+		outputs = append(outputs, ResponsesOutput{
+			Type:    "message",
+			ID:      generateItemID(),
+			Role:    "assistant",
+			Content: []ResponsesContentPart{{Type: "output_text", Text: ""}},
+			Status:  "completed",
+		})
+	}
+	out.Output = outputs
+
+	// Map stop_reason → status
+	out.Status = anthropicStopReasonToResponsesStatus(resp.StopReason, resp.Content)
+	if out.Status == "incomplete" {
+		out.IncompleteDetails = &ResponsesIncompleteDetails{Reason: "max_output_tokens"}
+	}
+
+	// Usage
+	out.Usage = &ResponsesUsage{
+		InputTokens:  resp.Usage.InputTokens,
+		OutputTokens: resp.Usage.OutputTokens,
+		TotalTokens:  resp.Usage.InputTokens + resp.Usage.OutputTokens,
+	}
+	if resp.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens > 0 {
+		out.Usage.InputTokensDetails = &ResponsesInputTokensDetails{
+			CachedTokens: resp.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return out
+}
+
+// anthropicStopReasonToResponsesStatus maps Anthropic stop_reason to Responses status.
+func anthropicStopReasonToResponsesStatus(stopReason string, blocks []AnthropicContentBlock) string {
+	switch stopReason {
+	case "max_tokens":
+		return "incomplete"
+	case "end_turn", "tool_use", "stop_sequence":
+		return "completed"
+	default:
+		return "completed"
+	}
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Streaming: AnthropicStreamEvent → []ResponsesStreamEvent (stateful converter)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// AnthropicEventToResponsesState tracks state for converting a sequence of
+// Anthropic SSE events into Responses SSE events.
+type AnthropicEventToResponsesState struct {
+	ResponseID     string
+	Model          string
+	Created        int64
+	SequenceNumber int
+
+	// CreatedSent tracks whether response.created has been emitted.
+	CreatedSent bool
+	// CompletedSent tracks whether the terminal event has been emitted.
+	CompletedSent bool
+
+	// Current output tracking
+	OutputIndex     int
+	CurrentItemID   string
+	CurrentItemType string // "message" | "function_call" | "reasoning"
+
+	// For message output: accumulate text parts
+	ContentIndex int
+
+	// For function_call: track per-output info
+	CurrentCallID string
+	CurrentName   string
+
+	// Usage from message_delta
+	InputTokens          int
+	OutputTokens         int
+	CacheReadInputTokens int
+}
+
+// NewAnthropicEventToResponsesState returns an initialised stream state.
+func NewAnthropicEventToResponsesState() *AnthropicEventToResponsesState {
+	return &AnthropicEventToResponsesState{
+		Created: time.Now().Unix(),
+	}
+}
+
+// AnthropicEventToResponsesEvents converts a single Anthropic SSE event into
+// zero or more Responses SSE events, updating state as it goes.
+func AnthropicEventToResponsesEvents(
+	evt *AnthropicStreamEvent,
+	state *AnthropicEventToResponsesState,
+) []ResponsesStreamEvent {
+	switch evt.Type {
+	case "message_start":
+		return anthToResHandleMessageStart(evt, state)
+	case "content_block_start":
+		return anthToResHandleContentBlockStart(evt, state)
+	case "content_block_delta":
+		return anthToResHandleContentBlockDelta(evt, state)
+	case "content_block_stop":
+		return anthToResHandleContentBlockStop(evt, state)
+	case "message_delta":
+		return anthToResHandleMessageDelta(evt, state)
+	case "message_stop":
+		return anthToResHandleMessageStop(state)
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// FinalizeAnthropicResponsesStream emits synthetic termination events if the
+// stream ended without a proper message_stop.
+func FinalizeAnthropicResponsesStream(state *AnthropicEventToResponsesState) []ResponsesStreamEvent {
+	if !state.CreatedSent || state.CompletedSent {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var events []ResponsesStreamEvent
+
+	// Close any open item
+	events = append(events, closeCurrentResponsesItem(state)...)
+
+	// Emit response.completed
+	events = append(events, makeResponsesCompletedEvent(state, "completed", nil))
+	state.CompletedSent = true
+	return events
+}
+
+// ResponsesEventToSSE formats a ResponsesStreamEvent as an SSE data line.
+func ResponsesEventToSSE(evt ResponsesStreamEvent) (string, error) {
+	data, err := json.Marshal(evt)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("event: %s\ndata: %s\n\n", evt.Type, data), nil
+}
+
+// --- internal handlers ---
+
+func anthToResHandleMessageStart(evt *AnthropicStreamEvent, state *AnthropicEventToResponsesState) []ResponsesStreamEvent {
+	if evt.Message != nil {
+		state.ResponseID = evt.Message.ID
+		if state.Model == "" {
+			state.Model = evt.Message.Model
+		}
+		if evt.Message.Usage.InputTokens > 0 {
+			state.InputTokens = evt.Message.Usage.InputTokens
+		}
+	}
+
+	if state.CreatedSent {
+		return nil
+	}
+	state.CreatedSent = true
+
+	// Emit response.created
+	return []ResponsesStreamEvent{makeResponsesCreatedEvent(state)}
+}
+
+func anthToResHandleContentBlockStart(evt *AnthropicStreamEvent, state *AnthropicEventToResponsesState) []ResponsesStreamEvent {
+	if evt.ContentBlock == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var events []ResponsesStreamEvent
+
+	switch evt.ContentBlock.Type {
+	case "thinking":
+		state.CurrentItemID = generateItemID()
+		state.CurrentItemType = "reasoning"
+		state.ContentIndex = 0
+
+		events = append(events, makeResponsesEvent(state, "response.output_item.added", &ResponsesStreamEvent{
+			OutputIndex: state.OutputIndex,
+			Item: &ResponsesOutput{
+				Type: "reasoning",
+				ID:   state.CurrentItemID,
+			},
+		}))
+
+	case "text":
+		// If we don't have an open message item, open one
+		if state.CurrentItemType != "message" {
+			state.CurrentItemID = generateItemID()
+			state.CurrentItemType = "message"
+			state.ContentIndex = 0
+
+			events = append(events, makeResponsesEvent(state, "response.output_item.added", &ResponsesStreamEvent{
+				OutputIndex: state.OutputIndex,
+				Item: &ResponsesOutput{
+					Type:   "message",
+					ID:     state.CurrentItemID,
+					Role:   "assistant",
+					Status: "in_progress",
+				},
+			}))
+		}
+
+	case "tool_use":
+		// Close previous item if any
+		events = append(events, closeCurrentResponsesItem(state)...)
+
+		state.CurrentItemID = generateItemID()
+		state.CurrentItemType = "function_call"
+		state.CurrentCallID = toResponsesCallID(evt.ContentBlock.ID)
+		state.CurrentName = evt.ContentBlock.Name
+
+		events = append(events, makeResponsesEvent(state, "response.output_item.added", &ResponsesStreamEvent{
+			OutputIndex: state.OutputIndex,
+			Item: &ResponsesOutput{
+				Type:   "function_call",
+				ID:     state.CurrentItemID,
+				CallID: state.CurrentCallID,
+				Name:   state.CurrentName,
+				Status: "in_progress",
+			},
+		}))
+	}
+
+	return events
+}
+
+func anthToResHandleContentBlockDelta(evt *AnthropicStreamEvent, state *AnthropicEventToResponsesState) []ResponsesStreamEvent {
+	if evt.Delta == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	switch evt.Delta.Type {
+	case "text_delta":
+		if evt.Delta.Text == "" {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return []ResponsesStreamEvent{makeResponsesEvent(state, "response.output_text.delta", &ResponsesStreamEvent{
+			OutputIndex:  state.OutputIndex,
+			ContentIndex: state.ContentIndex,
+			Delta:        evt.Delta.Text,
+			ItemID:       state.CurrentItemID,
+		})}
+
+	case "thinking_delta":
+		if evt.Delta.Thinking == "" {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return []ResponsesStreamEvent{makeResponsesEvent(state, "response.reasoning_summary_text.delta", &ResponsesStreamEvent{
+			OutputIndex:  state.OutputIndex,
+			SummaryIndex: 0,
+			Delta:        evt.Delta.Thinking,
+			ItemID:       state.CurrentItemID,
+		})}
+
+	case "input_json_delta":
+		if evt.Delta.PartialJSON == "" {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return []ResponsesStreamEvent{makeResponsesEvent(state, "response.function_call_arguments.delta", &ResponsesStreamEvent{
+			OutputIndex: state.OutputIndex,
+			Delta:       evt.Delta.PartialJSON,
+			ItemID:      state.CurrentItemID,
+			CallID:      state.CurrentCallID,
+			Name:        state.CurrentName,
+		})}
+
+	case "signature_delta":
+		// Anthropic signature deltas have no Responses equivalent; skip
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func anthToResHandleContentBlockStop(evt *AnthropicStreamEvent, state *AnthropicEventToResponsesState) []ResponsesStreamEvent {
+	switch state.CurrentItemType {
+	case "reasoning":
+		// Emit reasoning summary done + output item done
+		events := []ResponsesStreamEvent{
+			makeResponsesEvent(state, "response.reasoning_summary_text.done", &ResponsesStreamEvent{
+				OutputIndex:  state.OutputIndex,
+				SummaryIndex: 0,
+				ItemID:       state.CurrentItemID,
+			}),
+		}
+		events = append(events, closeCurrentResponsesItem(state)...)
+		return events
+
+	case "function_call":
+		// Emit function_call_arguments.done + output item done
+		events := []ResponsesStreamEvent{
+			makeResponsesEvent(state, "response.function_call_arguments.done", &ResponsesStreamEvent{
+				OutputIndex: state.OutputIndex,
+				ItemID:      state.CurrentItemID,
+				CallID:      state.CurrentCallID,
+				Name:        state.CurrentName,
+			}),
+		}
+		events = append(events, closeCurrentResponsesItem(state)...)
+		return events
+
+	case "message":
+		// Emit output_text.done (text block is done, but message item stays open for potential more blocks)
+		return []ResponsesStreamEvent{
+			makeResponsesEvent(state, "response.output_text.done", &ResponsesStreamEvent{
+				OutputIndex:  state.OutputIndex,
+				ContentIndex: state.ContentIndex,
+				ItemID:       state.CurrentItemID,
+			}),
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func anthToResHandleMessageDelta(evt *AnthropicStreamEvent, state *AnthropicEventToResponsesState) []ResponsesStreamEvent {
+	// Update usage
+	if evt.Usage != nil {
+		state.OutputTokens = evt.Usage.OutputTokens
+		if evt.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens > 0 {
+			state.CacheReadInputTokens = evt.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Extract stop_reason from delta
+	if evt.Delta != nil && evt.Delta.StopReason != "" {
+		// We'll use this in message_stop
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func anthToResHandleMessageStop(state *AnthropicEventToResponsesState) []ResponsesStreamEvent {
+	if state.CompletedSent {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var events []ResponsesStreamEvent
+
+	// Close any open item
+	events = append(events, closeCurrentResponsesItem(state)...)
+
+	// Determine status
+	status := "completed"
+	var incompleteDetails *ResponsesIncompleteDetails
+
+	// Emit response.completed
+	events = append(events, makeResponsesCompletedEvent(state, status, incompleteDetails))
+	state.CompletedSent = true
+	return events
+}
+
+// --- helper functions ---
+
+func closeCurrentResponsesItem(state *AnthropicEventToResponsesState) []ResponsesStreamEvent {
+	if state.CurrentItemType == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	itemType := state.CurrentItemType
+	itemID := state.CurrentItemID
+
+	// Reset
+	state.CurrentItemType = ""
+	state.CurrentItemID = ""
+	state.CurrentCallID = ""
+	state.CurrentName = ""
+	state.OutputIndex++
+	state.ContentIndex = 0
+
+	return []ResponsesStreamEvent{makeResponsesEvent(state, "response.output_item.done", &ResponsesStreamEvent{
+		OutputIndex: state.OutputIndex - 1, // Use the index before increment
+		Item: &ResponsesOutput{
+			Type:   itemType,
+			ID:     itemID,
+			Status: "completed",
+		},
+	})}
+}
+
+func makeResponsesCreatedEvent(state *AnthropicEventToResponsesState) ResponsesStreamEvent {
+	seq := state.SequenceNumber
+	state.SequenceNumber++
+	return ResponsesStreamEvent{
+		Type:           "response.created",
+		SequenceNumber: seq,
+		Response: &ResponsesResponse{
+			ID:     state.ResponseID,
+			Object: "response",
+			Model:  state.Model,
+			Status: "in_progress",
+			Output: []ResponsesOutput{},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func makeResponsesCompletedEvent(
+	state *AnthropicEventToResponsesState,
+	status string,
+	incompleteDetails *ResponsesIncompleteDetails,
+) ResponsesStreamEvent {
+	seq := state.SequenceNumber
+	state.SequenceNumber++
+
+	usage := &ResponsesUsage{
+		InputTokens:  state.InputTokens,
+		OutputTokens: state.OutputTokens,
+		TotalTokens:  state.InputTokens + state.OutputTokens,
+	}
+	if state.CacheReadInputTokens > 0 {
+		usage.InputTokensDetails = &ResponsesInputTokensDetails{
+			CachedTokens: state.CacheReadInputTokens,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ResponsesStreamEvent{
+		Type:           "response.completed",
+		SequenceNumber: seq,
+		Response: &ResponsesResponse{
+			ID:                state.ResponseID,
+			Object:            "response",
+			Model:             state.Model,
+			Status:            status,
+			Output:            []ResponsesOutput{}, // Simplified; full output tracking would add complexity
+			Usage:             usage,
+			IncompleteDetails: incompleteDetails,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func makeResponsesEvent(state *AnthropicEventToResponsesState, eventType string, template *ResponsesStreamEvent) ResponsesStreamEvent {
+	seq := state.SequenceNumber
+	state.SequenceNumber++
+
+	evt := *template
+	evt.Type = eventType
+	evt.SequenceNumber = seq
+	return evt
+}
+
+func generateResponsesID() string {
+	b := make([]byte, 12)
+	_, _ = rand.Read(b)
+	return "resp_" + hex.EncodeToString(b)
+}
+
+func generateItemID() string {
+	b := make([]byte, 12)
+	_, _ = rand.Read(b)
+	return "item_" + hex.EncodeToString(b)
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/pkg/apicompat/responses_to_anthropic_request.go b/backend/internal/pkg/apicompat/responses_to_anthropic_request.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0a5b07e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/pkg/apicompat/responses_to_anthropic_request.go
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+package apicompat
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// ResponsesToAnthropicRequest converts a Responses API request into an
+// Anthropic Messages request. This is the reverse of AnthropicToResponses and
+// enables Anthropic platform groups to accept OpenAI Responses API requests
+// by converting them to the native /v1/messages format before forwarding upstream.
+func ResponsesToAnthropicRequest(req *ResponsesRequest) (*AnthropicRequest, error) {
+	system, messages, err := convertResponsesInputToAnthropic(req.Input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	out := &AnthropicRequest{
+		Model:       req.Model,
+		Messages:    messages,
+		Temperature: req.Temperature,
+		TopP:        req.TopP,
+		Stream:      req.Stream,
+	}
+
+	if len(system) > 0 {
+		out.System = system
+	}
+
+	// max_output_tokens → max_tokens
+	if req.MaxOutputTokens != nil && *req.MaxOutputTokens > 0 {
+		out.MaxTokens = *req.MaxOutputTokens
+	}
+	if out.MaxTokens == 0 {
+		// Anthropic requires max_tokens; default to a sensible value.
+		out.MaxTokens = 8192
+	}
+
+	// Convert tools
+	if len(req.Tools) > 0 {
+		out.Tools = convertResponsesToAnthropicTools(req.Tools)
+	}
+
+	// Convert tool_choice (reverse of convertAnthropicToolChoiceToResponses)
+	if len(req.ToolChoice) > 0 {
+		tc, err := convertResponsesToAnthropicToolChoice(req.ToolChoice)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("convert tool_choice: %w", err)
+		}
+		out.ToolChoice = tc
+	}
+
+	// reasoning.effort → output_config.effort + thinking
+	if req.Reasoning != nil && req.Reasoning.Effort != "" {
+		effort := mapResponsesEffortToAnthropic(req.Reasoning.Effort)
+		out.OutputConfig = &AnthropicOutputConfig{Effort: effort}
+		// Enable thinking for non-low efforts
+		if effort != "low" {
+			out.Thinking = &AnthropicThinking{
+				Type:         "enabled",
+				BudgetTokens: defaultThinkingBudget(effort),
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// defaultThinkingBudget returns a sensible thinking budget based on effort level.
+func defaultThinkingBudget(effort string) int {
+	switch effort {
+	case "low":
+		return 1024
+	case "medium":
+		return 4096
+	case "high":
+		return 10240
+	case "max":
+		return 32768
+	default:
+		return 10240
+	}
+}
+
+// mapResponsesEffortToAnthropic converts OpenAI Responses reasoning effort to
+// Anthropic effort levels. Reverse of mapAnthropicEffortToResponses.
+//
+//	low    → low
+//	medium → medium
+//	high   → high
+//	xhigh  → max
+func mapResponsesEffortToAnthropic(effort string) string {
+	if effort == "xhigh" {
+		return "max"
+	}
+	return effort // low→low, medium→medium, high→high, unknown→passthrough
+}
+
+// convertResponsesInputToAnthropic extracts system prompt and messages from
+// a Responses API input array. Returns the system as raw JSON (for Anthropic's
+// polymorphic system field) and a list of Anthropic messages.
+func convertResponsesInputToAnthropic(inputRaw json.RawMessage) (json.RawMessage, []AnthropicMessage, error) {
+	// Try as plain string input.
+	var inputStr string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(inputRaw, &inputStr); err == nil {
+		content, _ := json.Marshal(inputStr)
+		return nil, []AnthropicMessage{{Role: "user", Content: content}}, nil
+	}
+
+	var items []ResponsesInputItem
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(inputRaw, &items); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("parse responses input: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var system json.RawMessage
+	var messages []AnthropicMessage
+
+	for _, item := range items {
+		switch {
+		case item.Role == "system":
+			// System prompt → Anthropic system field
+			text := extractTextFromContent(item.Content)
+			if text != "" {
+				system, _ = json.Marshal(text)
+			}
+
+		case item.Type == "function_call":
+			// function_call → assistant message with tool_use block
+			input := json.RawMessage("{}")
+			if item.Arguments != "" {
+				input = json.RawMessage(item.Arguments)
+			}
+			block := AnthropicContentBlock{
+				Type:  "tool_use",
+				ID:    fromResponsesCallIDToAnthropic(item.CallID),
+				Name:  item.Name,
+				Input: input,
+			}
+			blockJSON, _ := json.Marshal([]AnthropicContentBlock{block})
+			messages = append(messages, AnthropicMessage{
+				Role:    "assistant",
+				Content: blockJSON,
+			})
+
+		case item.Type == "function_call_output":
+			// function_call_output → user message with tool_result block
+			outputContent := item.Output
+			if outputContent == "" {
+				outputContent = "(empty)"
+			}
+			contentJSON, _ := json.Marshal(outputContent)
+			block := AnthropicContentBlock{
+				Type:      "tool_result",
+				ToolUseID: fromResponsesCallIDToAnthropic(item.CallID),
+				Content:   contentJSON,
+			}
+			blockJSON, _ := json.Marshal([]AnthropicContentBlock{block})
+			messages = append(messages, AnthropicMessage{
+				Role:    "user",
+				Content: blockJSON,
+			})
+
+		case item.Role == "user":
+			content, err := convertResponsesUserToAnthropicContent(item.Content)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, err
+			}
+			messages = append(messages, AnthropicMessage{
+				Role:    "user",
+				Content: content,
+			})
+
+		case item.Role == "assistant":
+			content, err := convertResponsesAssistantToAnthropicContent(item.Content)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, err
+			}
+			messages = append(messages, AnthropicMessage{
+				Role:    "assistant",
+				Content: content,
+			})
+
+		default:
+			// Unknown role/type — attempt as user message
+			if item.Content != nil {
+				messages = append(messages, AnthropicMessage{
+					Role:    "user",
+					Content: item.Content,
+				})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Merge consecutive same-role messages (Anthropic requires alternating roles)
+	messages = mergeConsecutiveMessages(messages)
+
+	return system, messages, nil
+}
+
+// extractTextFromContent extracts text from a content field that may be a
+// plain string or an array of content parts.
+func extractTextFromContent(raw json.RawMessage) string {
+	if len(raw) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	var s string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &s); err == nil {
+		return s
+	}
+	var parts []ResponsesContentPart
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &parts); err == nil {
+		var texts []string
+		for _, p := range parts {
+			if (p.Type == "input_text" || p.Type == "output_text" || p.Type == "text") && p.Text != "" {
+				texts = append(texts, p.Text)
+			}
+		}
+		return strings.Join(texts, "\n\n")
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// convertResponsesUserToAnthropicContent converts a Responses user message
+// content field into Anthropic content blocks JSON.
+func convertResponsesUserToAnthropicContent(raw json.RawMessage) (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	if len(raw) == 0 {
+		return json.Marshal("") // empty string content
+	}
+
+	// Try plain string.
+	var s string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &s); err == nil {
+		return json.Marshal(s)
+	}
+
+	// Array of content parts → Anthropic content blocks.
+	var parts []ResponsesContentPart
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &parts); err != nil {
+		// Pass through as-is if we can't parse
+		return raw, nil
+	}
+
+	var blocks []AnthropicContentBlock
+	for _, p := range parts {
+		switch p.Type {
+		case "input_text", "text":
+			if p.Text != "" {
+				blocks = append(blocks, AnthropicContentBlock{
+					Type: "text",
+					Text: p.Text,
+				})
+			}
+		case "input_image":
+			src := dataURIToAnthropicImageSource(p.ImageURL)
+			if src != nil {
+				blocks = append(blocks, AnthropicContentBlock{
+					Type:   "image",
+					Source: src,
+				})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(blocks) == 0 {
+		return json.Marshal("")
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(blocks)
+}
+
+// convertResponsesAssistantToAnthropicContent converts a Responses assistant
+// message content field into Anthropic content blocks JSON.
+func convertResponsesAssistantToAnthropicContent(raw json.RawMessage) (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	if len(raw) == 0 {
+		return json.Marshal([]AnthropicContentBlock{{Type: "text", Text: ""}})
+	}
+
+	// Try plain string.
+	var s string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &s); err == nil {
+		return json.Marshal([]AnthropicContentBlock{{Type: "text", Text: s}})
+	}
+
+	// Array of content parts → Anthropic content blocks.
+	var parts []ResponsesContentPart
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &parts); err != nil {
+		return raw, nil
+	}
+
+	var blocks []AnthropicContentBlock
+	for _, p := range parts {
+		switch p.Type {
+		case "output_text", "text":
+			if p.Text != "" {
+				blocks = append(blocks, AnthropicContentBlock{
+					Type: "text",
+					Text: p.Text,
+				})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(blocks) == 0 {
+		blocks = append(blocks, AnthropicContentBlock{Type: "text", Text: ""})
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(blocks)
+}
+
+// fromResponsesCallIDToAnthropic converts an OpenAI function call ID back to
+// Anthropic format. Reverses toResponsesCallID.
+func fromResponsesCallIDToAnthropic(id string) string {
+	// If it has our "fc_" prefix wrapping a known Anthropic prefix, strip it
+	if after, ok := strings.CutPrefix(id, "fc_"); ok {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(after, "toolu_") || strings.HasPrefix(after, "call_") {
+			return after
+		}
+	}
+	// Generate a synthetic Anthropic tool ID
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(id, "toolu_") && !strings.HasPrefix(id, "call_") {
+		return "toolu_" + id
+	}
+	return id
+}
+
+// dataURIToAnthropicImageSource parses a data URI into an AnthropicImageSource.
+func dataURIToAnthropicImageSource(dataURI string) *AnthropicImageSource {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(dataURI, "data:") {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Format: data:<media_type>;base64,<data>
+	rest := strings.TrimPrefix(dataURI, "data:")
+	semicolonIdx := strings.Index(rest, ";")
+	if semicolonIdx < 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	mediaType := rest[:semicolonIdx]
+	rest = rest[semicolonIdx+1:]
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(rest, "base64,") {
+		return nil
+	}
+	data := strings.TrimPrefix(rest, "base64,")
+	return &AnthropicImageSource{
+		Type:      "base64",
+		MediaType: mediaType,
+		Data:      data,
+	}
+}
+
+// mergeConsecutiveMessages merges consecutive messages with the same role
+// because Anthropic requires alternating user/assistant turns.
+func mergeConsecutiveMessages(messages []AnthropicMessage) []AnthropicMessage {
+	if len(messages) <= 1 {
+		return messages
+	}
+
+	var merged []AnthropicMessage
+	for _, msg := range messages {
+		if len(merged) == 0 || merged[len(merged)-1].Role != msg.Role {
+			merged = append(merged, msg)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Same role — merge content arrays
+		last := &merged[len(merged)-1]
+		lastBlocks := parseContentBlocks(last.Content)
+		newBlocks := parseContentBlocks(msg.Content)
+		combined := append(lastBlocks, newBlocks...)
+		last.Content, _ = json.Marshal(combined)
+	}
+	return merged
+}
+
+// parseContentBlocks attempts to parse content as []AnthropicContentBlock.
+// If it's a string, wraps it in a text block.
+func parseContentBlocks(raw json.RawMessage) []AnthropicContentBlock {
+	var blocks []AnthropicContentBlock
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &blocks); err == nil {
+		return blocks
+	}
+	var s string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &s); err == nil {
+		return []AnthropicContentBlock{{Type: "text", Text: s}}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// convertResponsesToAnthropicTools maps Responses API tools to Anthropic format.
+// Reverse of convertAnthropicToolsToResponses.
+func convertResponsesToAnthropicTools(tools []ResponsesTool) []AnthropicTool {
+	var out []AnthropicTool
+	for _, t := range tools {
+		switch t.Type {
+		case "web_search":
+			out = append(out, AnthropicTool{
+				Type: "web_search_20250305",
+				Name: "web_search",
+			})
+		case "function":
+			out = append(out, AnthropicTool{
+				Name:        t.Name,
+				Description: t.Description,
+				InputSchema: normalizeAnthropicInputSchema(t.Parameters),
+			})
+		default:
+			// Pass through unknown tool types
+			out = append(out, AnthropicTool{
+				Type:        t.Type,
+				Name:        t.Name,
+				Description: t.Description,
+				InputSchema: t.Parameters,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// normalizeAnthropicInputSchema ensures the input_schema has a "type" field.
+func normalizeAnthropicInputSchema(schema json.RawMessage) json.RawMessage {
+	if len(schema) == 0 || string(schema) == "null" {
+		return json.RawMessage(`{"type":"object","properties":{}}`)
+	}
+	return schema
+}
+
+// convertResponsesToAnthropicToolChoice maps Responses tool_choice to Anthropic format.
+// Reverse of convertAnthropicToolChoiceToResponses.
+//
+//	"auto"                                     → {"type":"auto"}
+//	"required"                                 → {"type":"any"}
+//	"none"                                     → {"type":"none"}
+//	{"type":"function","function":{"name":"X"}} → {"type":"tool","name":"X"}
+func convertResponsesToAnthropicToolChoice(raw json.RawMessage) (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	// Try as string first
+	var s string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &s); err == nil {
+		switch s {
+		case "auto":
+			return json.Marshal(map[string]string{"type": "auto"})
+		case "required":
+			return json.Marshal(map[string]string{"type": "any"})
+		case "none":
+			return json.Marshal(map[string]string{"type": "none"})
+		default:
+			return raw, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Try as object with type=function
+	var tc struct {
+		Type     string `json:"type"`
+		Function struct {
+			Name string `json:"name"`
+		} `json:"function"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &tc); err == nil && tc.Type == "function" && tc.Function.Name != "" {
+		return json.Marshal(map[string]string{
+			"type": "tool",
+			"name": tc.Function.Name,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Pass through unknown
+	return raw, nil
+}