diff --git a/backend/internal/service/gateway_forward_as_chat_completions.go b/backend/internal/service/gateway_forward_as_chat_completions.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6913447b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/gateway_forward_as_chat_completions.go
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/apicompat"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/claude"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/logger"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/util/responseheaders"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+)
+
+// ForwardAsChatCompletions accepts an OpenAI Chat Completions API request body,
+// converts it to Anthropic Messages format (chained via Responses format),
+// forwards to the Anthropic upstream, and converts the response back to Chat
+// Completions format. This enables Chat Completions clients to access Anthropic
+// models through Anthropic platform groups.
+func (s *GatewayService) ForwardAsChatCompletions(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	c *gin.Context,
+	account *Account,
+	body []byte,
+	parsed *ParsedRequest,
+) (*ForwardResult, error) {
+	startTime := time.Now()
+
+	// 1. Parse Chat Completions request
+	var ccReq apicompat.ChatCompletionsRequest
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &ccReq); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse chat completions request: %w", err)
+	}
+	originalModel := ccReq.Model
+	clientStream := ccReq.Stream
+	includeUsage := ccReq.StreamOptions != nil && ccReq.StreamOptions.IncludeUsage
+
+	// 2. Convert CC → Responses → Anthropic (chained conversion)
+	responsesReq, err := apicompat.ChatCompletionsToResponses(&ccReq)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("convert chat completions to responses: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	anthropicReq, err := apicompat.ResponsesToAnthropicRequest(responsesReq)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("convert responses to anthropic: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 3. Force upstream streaming
+	anthropicReq.Stream = true
+	reqStream := true
+
+	// 4. Model mapping
+	mappedModel := originalModel
+	if account.Type == AccountTypeAPIKey {
+		mappedModel = account.GetMappedModel(originalModel)
+	}
+	if mappedModel == originalModel && account.Platform == PlatformAnthropic && account.Type != AccountTypeAPIKey {
+		normalized := claude.NormalizeModelID(originalModel)
+		if normalized != originalModel {
+			mappedModel = normalized
+		}
+	}
+	anthropicReq.Model = mappedModel
+
+	logger.L().Debug("gateway forward_as_chat_completions: model mapping applied",
+		zap.Int64("account_id", account.ID),
+		zap.String("original_model", originalModel),
+		zap.String("mapped_model", mappedModel),
+		zap.Bool("client_stream", clientStream),
+	)
+
+	// 5. Marshal Anthropic request body
+	anthropicBody, err := json.Marshal(anthropicReq)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("marshal anthropic request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 6. Apply Claude Code mimicry for OAuth accounts
+	isClaudeCode := false // CC API is never Claude Code
+	shouldMimicClaudeCode := account.IsOAuth() && !isClaudeCode
+
+	if shouldMimicClaudeCode {
+		if !strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(mappedModel), "haiku") &&
+			!systemIncludesClaudeCodePrompt(anthropicReq.System) {
+			anthropicBody = injectClaudeCodePrompt(anthropicBody, anthropicReq.System)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 7. Enforce cache_control block limit
+	anthropicBody = enforceCacheControlLimit(anthropicBody)
+
+	// 8. Get access token
+	token, tokenType, err := s.GetAccessToken(ctx, account)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get access token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 9. Get proxy URL
+	proxyURL := ""
+	if account.ProxyID != nil && account.Proxy != nil {
+		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
+	}
+
+	// 10. Build upstream request
+	upstreamCtx, releaseUpstreamCtx := detachStreamUpstreamContext(ctx, reqStream)
+	upstreamReq, err := s.buildUpstreamRequest(upstreamCtx, c, account, anthropicBody, token, tokenType, mappedModel, reqStream, shouldMimicClaudeCode)
+	releaseUpstreamCtx()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("build upstream request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 11. Send request
+	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.DoWithTLS(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency, account.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled())
+	if err != nil {
+		if resp != nil && resp.Body != nil {
+			_ = resp.Body.Close()
+		}
+		safeErr := sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(err.Error())
+		setOpsUpstreamError(c, 0, safeErr, "")
+		appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+			Platform:           account.Platform,
+			AccountID:          account.ID,
+			AccountName:        account.Name,
+			UpstreamStatusCode: 0,
+			Kind:               "request_error",
+			Message:            safeErr,
+		})
+		writeGatewayCCError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "server_error", "Upstream request failed")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream request failed: %s", safeErr)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	// 12. Handle error response with failover
+	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+		respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+		resp.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(respBody))
+
+		upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody))
+		upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+
+		if s.shouldFailoverUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
+			appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+				Platform:           account.Platform,
+				AccountID:          account.ID,
+				AccountName:        account.Name,
+				UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+				UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+				Kind:               "failover",
+				Message:            upstreamMsg,
+			})
+			if s.rateLimitService != nil {
+				s.rateLimitService.HandleUpstreamError(ctx, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, respBody)
+			}
+			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{
+				StatusCode:   resp.StatusCode,
+				ResponseBody: respBody,
+			}
+		}
+
+		writeGatewayCCError(c, mapUpstreamStatusCode(resp.StatusCode), "server_error", upstreamMsg)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d %s", resp.StatusCode, upstreamMsg)
+	}
+
+	// 13. Handle normal response
+	// Read Anthropic SSE → convert to Responses events → convert to CC format
+	var result *ForwardResult
+	var handleErr error
+	if clientStream {
+		result, handleErr = s.handleCCStreamingFromAnthropic(resp, c, originalModel, mappedModel, startTime, includeUsage)
+	} else {
+		result, handleErr = s.handleCCBufferedFromAnthropic(resp, c, originalModel, mappedModel, startTime)
+	}
+
+	return result, handleErr
+}
+
+// handleCCBufferedFromAnthropic reads Anthropic SSE events, assembles the full
+// response, then converts Anthropic → Responses → Chat Completions.
+func (s *GatewayService) handleCCBufferedFromAnthropic(
+	resp *http.Response,
+	c *gin.Context,
+	originalModel string,
+	mappedModel string,
+	startTime time.Time,
+) (*ForwardResult, error) {
+	requestID := resp.Header.Get("x-request-id")
+
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(resp.Body)
+	maxLineSize := defaultMaxLineSize
+	if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.MaxLineSize > 0 {
+		maxLineSize = s.cfg.Gateway.MaxLineSize
+	}
+	scanner.Buffer(make([]byte, 0, 64*1024), maxLineSize)
+
+	var finalResp *apicompat.AnthropicResponse
+	var usage ClaudeUsage
+
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(line, "event: ") {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if !scanner.Scan() {
+			break
+		}
+		dataLine := scanner.Text()
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(dataLine, "data: ") {
+			continue
+		}
+		payload := dataLine[6:]
+
+		var event apicompat.AnthropicStreamEvent
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(payload), &event); err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if event.Type == "message_start" && event.Message != nil {
+			finalResp = event.Message
+		}
+		if event.Type == "message_delta" {
+			if event.Usage != nil {
+				usage = ClaudeUsage{
+					InputTokens:  event.Usage.InputTokens,
+					OutputTokens: event.Usage.OutputTokens,
+				}
+				if event.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens > 0 {
+					usage.CacheReadInputTokens = event.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens
+				}
+			}
+			if event.Delta != nil && event.Delta.StopReason != "" && finalResp != nil {
+				finalResp.StopReason = event.Delta.StopReason
+			}
+		}
+		if event.Type == "content_block_start" && event.ContentBlock != nil && finalResp != nil {
+			finalResp.Content = append(finalResp.Content, *event.ContentBlock)
+		}
+		if event.Type == "content_block_delta" && event.Delta != nil && finalResp != nil && event.Index != nil {
+			idx := *event.Index
+			if idx < len(finalResp.Content) {
+				switch event.Delta.Type {
+				case "text_delta":
+					finalResp.Content[idx].Text += event.Delta.Text
+				case "thinking_delta":
+					finalResp.Content[idx].Thinking += event.Delta.Thinking
+				case "input_json_delta":
+					finalResp.Content[idx].Input = appendRawJSON(finalResp.Content[idx].Input, event.Delta.PartialJSON)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) && !errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+			logger.L().Warn("forward_as_cc buffered: read error",
+				zap.Error(err),
+				zap.String("request_id", requestID),
+			)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if finalResp == nil {
+		writeGatewayCCError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "server_error", "Upstream stream ended without a response")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream stream ended without response")
+	}
+
+	if usage.InputTokens > 0 || usage.OutputTokens > 0 {
+		finalResp.Usage = apicompat.AnthropicUsage{
+			InputTokens:  usage.InputTokens,
+			OutputTokens: usage.OutputTokens,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Chain: Anthropic → Responses → Chat Completions
+	responsesResp := apicompat.AnthropicToResponsesResponse(finalResp)
+	ccResp := apicompat.ResponsesToChatCompletions(responsesResp, originalModel)
+
+	if s.responseHeaderFilter != nil {
+		responseheaders.WriteFilteredHeaders(c.Writer.Header(), resp.Header, s.responseHeaderFilter)
+	}
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, ccResp)
+
+	return &ForwardResult{
+		RequestID:     requestID,
+		Usage:         usage,
+		Model:         originalModel,
+		UpstreamModel: mappedModel,
+		Stream:        false,
+		Duration:      time.Since(startTime),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// handleCCStreamingFromAnthropic reads Anthropic SSE events, converts each
+// to Responses events, then to Chat Completions chunks, and writes them.
+func (s *GatewayService) handleCCStreamingFromAnthropic(
+	resp *http.Response,
+	c *gin.Context,
+	originalModel string,
+	mappedModel string,
+	startTime time.Time,
+	includeUsage bool,
+) (*ForwardResult, error) {
+	requestID := resp.Header.Get("x-request-id")
+
+	if s.responseHeaderFilter != nil {
+		responseheaders.WriteFilteredHeaders(c.Writer.Header(), resp.Header, s.responseHeaderFilter)
+	}
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("X-Accel-Buffering", "no")
+	c.Writer.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+
+	// Use Anthropic→Responses state machine, then convert Responses→CC
+	anthState := apicompat.NewAnthropicEventToResponsesState()
+	anthState.Model = originalModel
+	ccState := apicompat.NewResponsesEventToChatState()
+	ccState.Model = originalModel
+	ccState.IncludeUsage = includeUsage
+
+	var usage ClaudeUsage
+	var firstTokenMs *int
+	firstChunk := true
+
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(resp.Body)
+	maxLineSize := defaultMaxLineSize
+	if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.MaxLineSize > 0 {
+		maxLineSize = s.cfg.Gateway.MaxLineSize
+	}
+	scanner.Buffer(make([]byte, 0, 64*1024), maxLineSize)
+
+	resultWithUsage := func() *ForwardResult {
+		return &ForwardResult{
+			RequestID:     requestID,
+			Usage:         usage,
+			Model:         originalModel,
+			UpstreamModel: mappedModel,
+			Stream:        true,
+			Duration:      time.Since(startTime),
+			FirstTokenMs:  firstTokenMs,
+		}
+	}
+
+	writeChunk := func(chunk apicompat.ChatCompletionsChunk) bool {
+		sse, err := apicompat.ChatChunkToSSE(chunk)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		if _, err := fmt.Fprint(c.Writer, sse); err != nil {
+			return true // client disconnected
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+
+	processAnthropicEvent := func(event *apicompat.AnthropicStreamEvent) bool {
+		if firstChunk {
+			firstChunk = false
+			ms := int(time.Since(startTime).Milliseconds())
+			firstTokenMs = &ms
+		}
+
+		// Extract usage
+		if event.Type == "message_delta" && event.Usage != nil {
+			usage = ClaudeUsage{
+				InputTokens:  event.Usage.InputTokens,
+				OutputTokens: event.Usage.OutputTokens,
+			}
+			if event.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens > 0 {
+				usage.CacheReadInputTokens = event.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens
+			}
+		}
+		if event.Type == "message_start" && event.Message != nil && event.Message.Usage.InputTokens > 0 {
+			usage.InputTokens = event.Message.Usage.InputTokens
+		}
+
+		// Chain: Anthropic event → Responses events → CC chunks
+		responsesEvents := apicompat.AnthropicEventToResponsesEvents(event, anthState)
+		for _, resEvt := range responsesEvents {
+			ccChunks := apicompat.ResponsesEventToChatChunks(&resEvt, ccState)
+			for _, chunk := range ccChunks {
+				if disconnected := writeChunk(chunk); disconnected {
+					return true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		c.Writer.Flush()
+		return false
+	}
+
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(line, "event: ") {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if !scanner.Scan() {
+			break
+		}
+		dataLine := scanner.Text()
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(dataLine, "data: ") {
+			continue
+		}
+		payload := dataLine[6:]
+
+		var event apicompat.AnthropicStreamEvent
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(payload), &event); err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if processAnthropicEvent(&event) {
+			return resultWithUsage(), nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) && !errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+			logger.L().Warn("forward_as_cc stream: read error",
+				zap.Error(err),
+				zap.String("request_id", requestID),
+			)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Finalize both state machines
+	finalResEvents := apicompat.FinalizeAnthropicResponsesStream(anthState)
+	for _, resEvt := range finalResEvents {
+		ccChunks := apicompat.ResponsesEventToChatChunks(&resEvt, ccState)
+		for _, chunk := range ccChunks {
+			writeChunk(chunk) //nolint:errcheck
+		}
+	}
+	finalCCChunks := apicompat.FinalizeResponsesChatStream(ccState)
+	for _, chunk := range finalCCChunks {
+		writeChunk(chunk) //nolint:errcheck
+	}
+
+	// Write [DONE] marker
+	fmt.Fprint(c.Writer, "data: [DONE]\n\n") //nolint:errcheck
+	c.Writer.Flush()
+
+	return resultWithUsage(), nil
+}
+
+// writeGatewayCCError writes an error in OpenAI Chat Completions format for
+// the Anthropic-upstream CC forwarding path.
+func writeGatewayCCError(c *gin.Context, statusCode int, errType, message string) {
+	c.JSON(statusCode, gin.H{
+		"error": gin.H{
+			"type":    errType,
+			"message": message,
+		},
+	})
+}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/gateway_forward_as_responses.go b/backend/internal/service/gateway_forward_as_responses.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf562f39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/internal/service/gateway_forward_as_responses.go
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/apicompat"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/claude"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/logger"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/util/responseheaders"
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+)
+
+// ForwardAsResponses accepts an OpenAI Responses API request body, converts it
+// to Anthropic Messages format, forwards to the Anthropic upstream, and converts
+// the response back to Responses format. This enables OpenAI Responses API
+// clients to access Anthropic models through Anthropic platform groups.
+//
+// The method follows the same pattern as OpenAIGatewayService.ForwardAsAnthropic
+// but in reverse direction: Responses → Anthropic upstream → Responses.
+func (s *GatewayService) ForwardAsResponses(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	c *gin.Context,
+	account *Account,
+	body []byte,
+	parsed *ParsedRequest,
+) (*ForwardResult, error) {
+	startTime := time.Now()
+
+	// 1. Parse Responses request
+	var responsesReq apicompat.ResponsesRequest
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &responsesReq); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse responses request: %w", err)
+	}
+	originalModel := responsesReq.Model
+	clientStream := responsesReq.Stream
+
+	// 2. Convert Responses → Anthropic
+	anthropicReq, err := apicompat.ResponsesToAnthropicRequest(&responsesReq)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("convert responses to anthropic: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 3. Force upstream streaming (Anthropic works best with streaming)
+	anthropicReq.Stream = true
+	reqStream := true
+
+	// 4. Model mapping
+	mappedModel := originalModel
+	if account.Type == AccountTypeAPIKey {
+		mappedModel = account.GetMappedModel(originalModel)
+	}
+	if mappedModel == originalModel && account.Platform == PlatformAnthropic && account.Type != AccountTypeAPIKey {
+		normalized := claude.NormalizeModelID(originalModel)
+		if normalized != originalModel {
+			mappedModel = normalized
+		}
+	}
+	anthropicReq.Model = mappedModel
+
+	logger.L().Debug("gateway forward_as_responses: model mapping applied",
+		zap.Int64("account_id", account.ID),
+		zap.String("original_model", originalModel),
+		zap.String("mapped_model", mappedModel),
+		zap.Bool("client_stream", clientStream),
+	)
+
+	// 5. Marshal Anthropic request body
+	anthropicBody, err := json.Marshal(anthropicReq)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("marshal anthropic request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 6. Apply Claude Code mimicry for OAuth accounts (non-Claude-Code endpoints)
+	isClaudeCode := false // Responses API is never Claude Code
+	shouldMimicClaudeCode := account.IsOAuth() && !isClaudeCode
+
+	if shouldMimicClaudeCode {
+		if !strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(mappedModel), "haiku") &&
+			!systemIncludesClaudeCodePrompt(anthropicReq.System) {
+			anthropicBody = injectClaudeCodePrompt(anthropicBody, anthropicReq.System)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 7. Enforce cache_control block limit
+	anthropicBody = enforceCacheControlLimit(anthropicBody)
+
+	// 8. Get access token
+	token, tokenType, err := s.GetAccessToken(ctx, account)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get access token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 9. Get proxy URL
+	proxyURL := ""
+	if account.ProxyID != nil && account.Proxy != nil {
+		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
+	}
+
+	// 10. Build upstream request
+	upstreamCtx, releaseUpstreamCtx := detachStreamUpstreamContext(ctx, reqStream)
+	upstreamReq, err := s.buildUpstreamRequest(upstreamCtx, c, account, anthropicBody, token, tokenType, mappedModel, reqStream, shouldMimicClaudeCode)
+	releaseUpstreamCtx()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("build upstream request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 11. Send request
+	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.DoWithTLS(upstreamReq, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency, account.IsTLSFingerprintEnabled())
+	if err != nil {
+		if resp != nil && resp.Body != nil {
+			_ = resp.Body.Close()
+		}
+		safeErr := sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(err.Error())
+		setOpsUpstreamError(c, 0, safeErr, "")
+		appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+			Platform:           account.Platform,
+			AccountID:          account.ID,
+			AccountName:        account.Name,
+			UpstreamStatusCode: 0,
+			Kind:               "request_error",
+			Message:            safeErr,
+		})
+		writeResponsesError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "server_error", "Upstream request failed")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream request failed: %s", safeErr)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	// 12. Handle error response with failover
+	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+		respBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 2<<20))
+		_ = resp.Body.Close()
+		resp.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(respBody))
+
+		upstreamMsg := strings.TrimSpace(extractUpstreamErrorMessage(respBody))
+		upstreamMsg = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(upstreamMsg)
+
+		if s.shouldFailoverUpstreamError(resp.StatusCode) {
+			appendOpsUpstreamError(c, OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
+				Platform:           account.Platform,
+				AccountID:          account.ID,
+				AccountName:        account.Name,
+				UpstreamStatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
+				UpstreamRequestID:  resp.Header.Get("x-request-id"),
+				Kind:               "failover",
+				Message:            upstreamMsg,
+			})
+			if s.rateLimitService != nil {
+				s.rateLimitService.HandleUpstreamError(ctx, account, resp.StatusCode, resp.Header, respBody)
+			}
+			return nil, &UpstreamFailoverError{
+				StatusCode:   resp.StatusCode,
+				ResponseBody: respBody,
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Non-failover error: return Responses-formatted error to client
+		writeResponsesError(c, mapUpstreamStatusCode(resp.StatusCode), "server_error", upstreamMsg)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream error: %d %s", resp.StatusCode, upstreamMsg)
+	}
+
+	// 13. Handle normal response (convert Anthropic → Responses)
+	var result *ForwardResult
+	var handleErr error
+	if clientStream {
+		result, handleErr = s.handleResponsesStreamingResponse(resp, c, originalModel, mappedModel, startTime)
+	} else {
+		result, handleErr = s.handleResponsesBufferedStreamingResponse(resp, c, originalModel, mappedModel, startTime)
+	}
+
+	return result, handleErr
+}
+
+// handleResponsesBufferedStreamingResponse reads all Anthropic SSE events from
+// the upstream streaming response, assembles them into a complete Anthropic
+// response, converts to Responses API JSON format, and writes it to the client.
+func (s *GatewayService) handleResponsesBufferedStreamingResponse(
+	resp *http.Response,
+	c *gin.Context,
+	originalModel string,
+	mappedModel string,
+	startTime time.Time,
+) (*ForwardResult, error) {
+	requestID := resp.Header.Get("x-request-id")
+
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(resp.Body)
+	maxLineSize := defaultMaxLineSize
+	if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.MaxLineSize > 0 {
+		maxLineSize = s.cfg.Gateway.MaxLineSize
+	}
+	scanner.Buffer(make([]byte, 0, 64*1024), maxLineSize)
+
+	// Accumulate the final Anthropic response from streaming events
+	var finalResp *apicompat.AnthropicResponse
+	var usage ClaudeUsage
+
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(line, "event: ") {
+			continue
+		}
+		eventType := strings.TrimPrefix(line, "event: ")
+
+		// Read the data line
+		if !scanner.Scan() {
+			break
+		}
+		dataLine := scanner.Text()
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(dataLine, "data: ") {
+			continue
+		}
+		payload := dataLine[6:]
+
+		var event apicompat.AnthropicStreamEvent
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(payload), &event); err != nil {
+			logger.L().Warn("forward_as_responses buffered: failed to parse event",
+				zap.Error(err),
+				zap.String("request_id", requestID),
+				zap.String("event_type", eventType),
+			)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// message_start carries the initial response structure
+		if event.Type == "message_start" && event.Message != nil {
+			finalResp = event.Message
+		}
+
+		// message_delta carries final usage and stop_reason
+		if event.Type == "message_delta" {
+			if event.Usage != nil {
+				usage = ClaudeUsage{
+					InputTokens:  event.Usage.InputTokens,
+					OutputTokens: event.Usage.OutputTokens,
+				}
+				if event.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens > 0 {
+					usage.CacheReadInputTokens = event.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens
+				}
+				if event.Usage.CacheCreationInputTokens > 0 {
+					usage.CacheCreationInputTokens = event.Usage.CacheCreationInputTokens
+				}
+			}
+			if event.Delta != nil && event.Delta.StopReason != "" && finalResp != nil {
+				finalResp.StopReason = event.Delta.StopReason
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Accumulate content blocks
+		if event.Type == "content_block_start" && event.ContentBlock != nil && finalResp != nil {
+			finalResp.Content = append(finalResp.Content, *event.ContentBlock)
+		}
+		if event.Type == "content_block_delta" && event.Delta != nil && finalResp != nil && event.Index != nil {
+			idx := *event.Index
+			if idx < len(finalResp.Content) {
+				switch event.Delta.Type {
+				case "text_delta":
+					finalResp.Content[idx].Text += event.Delta.Text
+				case "thinking_delta":
+					finalResp.Content[idx].Thinking += event.Delta.Thinking
+				case "input_json_delta":
+					finalResp.Content[idx].Input = appendRawJSON(finalResp.Content[idx].Input, event.Delta.PartialJSON)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) && !errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+			logger.L().Warn("forward_as_responses buffered: read error",
+				zap.Error(err),
+				zap.String("request_id", requestID),
+			)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if finalResp == nil {
+		writeResponsesError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, "server_error", "Upstream stream ended without a response")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream stream ended without response")
+	}
+
+	// Update usage from accumulated delta
+	if usage.InputTokens > 0 || usage.OutputTokens > 0 {
+		finalResp.Usage = apicompat.AnthropicUsage{
+			InputTokens:              usage.InputTokens,
+			OutputTokens:             usage.OutputTokens,
+			CacheCreationInputTokens: usage.CacheCreationInputTokens,
+			CacheReadInputTokens:     usage.CacheReadInputTokens,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Convert to Responses format
+	responsesResp := apicompat.AnthropicToResponsesResponse(finalResp)
+	responsesResp.Model = originalModel // Use original model name
+
+	if s.responseHeaderFilter != nil {
+		responseheaders.WriteFilteredHeaders(c.Writer.Header(), resp.Header, s.responseHeaderFilter)
+	}
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, responsesResp)
+
+	return &ForwardResult{
+		RequestID:     requestID,
+		Usage:         usage,
+		Model:         originalModel,
+		UpstreamModel: mappedModel,
+		Stream:        false,
+		Duration:      time.Since(startTime),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// handleResponsesStreamingResponse reads Anthropic SSE events from upstream,
+// converts each to Responses SSE events, and writes them to the client.
+func (s *GatewayService) handleResponsesStreamingResponse(
+	resp *http.Response,
+	c *gin.Context,
+	originalModel string,
+	mappedModel string,
+	startTime time.Time,
+) (*ForwardResult, error) {
+	requestID := resp.Header.Get("x-request-id")
+
+	if s.responseHeaderFilter != nil {
+		responseheaders.WriteFilteredHeaders(c.Writer.Header(), resp.Header, s.responseHeaderFilter)
+	}
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("X-Accel-Buffering", "no")
+	c.Writer.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+
+	state := apicompat.NewAnthropicEventToResponsesState()
+	state.Model = originalModel
+	var usage ClaudeUsage
+	var firstTokenMs *int
+	firstChunk := true
+
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(resp.Body)
+	maxLineSize := defaultMaxLineSize
+	if s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.MaxLineSize > 0 {
+		maxLineSize = s.cfg.Gateway.MaxLineSize
+	}
+	scanner.Buffer(make([]byte, 0, 64*1024), maxLineSize)
+
+	resultWithUsage := func() *ForwardResult {
+		return &ForwardResult{
+			RequestID:     requestID,
+			Usage:         usage,
+			Model:         originalModel,
+			UpstreamModel: mappedModel,
+			Stream:        true,
+			Duration:      time.Since(startTime),
+			FirstTokenMs:  firstTokenMs,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// processEvent handles a single parsed Anthropic SSE event.
+	processEvent := func(event *apicompat.AnthropicStreamEvent) bool {
+		if firstChunk {
+			firstChunk = false
+			ms := int(time.Since(startTime).Milliseconds())
+			firstTokenMs = &ms
+		}
+
+		// Extract usage from message_delta
+		if event.Type == "message_delta" && event.Usage != nil {
+			usage = ClaudeUsage{
+				InputTokens:  event.Usage.InputTokens,
+				OutputTokens: event.Usage.OutputTokens,
+			}
+			if event.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens > 0 {
+				usage.CacheReadInputTokens = event.Usage.CacheReadInputTokens
+			}
+			if event.Usage.CacheCreationInputTokens > 0 {
+				usage.CacheCreationInputTokens = event.Usage.CacheCreationInputTokens
+			}
+		}
+		// Also capture usage from message_start
+		if event.Type == "message_start" && event.Message != nil {
+			if event.Message.Usage.InputTokens > 0 {
+				usage.InputTokens = event.Message.Usage.InputTokens
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Convert to Responses events
+		events := apicompat.AnthropicEventToResponsesEvents(event, state)
+		for _, evt := range events {
+			sse, err := apicompat.ResponsesEventToSSE(evt)
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.L().Warn("forward_as_responses stream: failed to marshal event",
+					zap.Error(err),
+					zap.String("request_id", requestID),
+				)
+				continue
+			}
+			if _, err := fmt.Fprint(c.Writer, sse); err != nil {
+				logger.L().Info("forward_as_responses stream: client disconnected",
+					zap.String("request_id", requestID),
+				)
+				return true // client disconnected
+			}
+		}
+		if len(events) > 0 {
+			c.Writer.Flush()
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+
+	finalizeStream := func() (*ForwardResult, error) {
+		if finalEvents := apicompat.FinalizeAnthropicResponsesStream(state); len(finalEvents) > 0 {
+			for _, evt := range finalEvents {
+				sse, err := apicompat.ResponsesEventToSSE(evt)
+				if err != nil {
+					continue
+				}
+				fmt.Fprint(c.Writer, sse) //nolint:errcheck
+			}
+			c.Writer.Flush()
+		}
+		return resultWithUsage(), nil
+	}
+
+	// Read Anthropic SSE events
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(line, "event: ") {
+			continue
+		}
+		eventType := strings.TrimPrefix(line, "event: ")
+
+		// Read data line
+		if !scanner.Scan() {
+			break
+		}
+		dataLine := scanner.Text()
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(dataLine, "data: ") {
+			continue
+		}
+		payload := dataLine[6:]
+
+		var event apicompat.AnthropicStreamEvent
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(payload), &event); err != nil {
+			logger.L().Warn("forward_as_responses stream: failed to parse event",
+				zap.Error(err),
+				zap.String("request_id", requestID),
+				zap.String("event_type", eventType),
+			)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if processEvent(&event) {
+			return resultWithUsage(), nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) && !errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+			logger.L().Warn("forward_as_responses stream: read error",
+				zap.Error(err),
+				zap.String("request_id", requestID),
+			)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return finalizeStream()
+}
+
+// appendRawJSON appends a JSON fragment string to existing raw JSON.
+func appendRawJSON(existing json.RawMessage, fragment string) json.RawMessage {
+	if len(existing) == 0 {
+		return json.RawMessage(fragment)
+	}
+	return json.RawMessage(string(existing) + fragment)
+}
+
+// writeResponsesError writes an error response in OpenAI Responses API format.
+func writeResponsesError(c *gin.Context, statusCode int, code, message string) {
+	c.JSON(statusCode, gin.H{
+		"error": gin.H{
+			"code":    code,
+			"message": message,
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+// mapUpstreamStatusCode maps upstream HTTP status codes to appropriate client-facing codes.
+func mapUpstreamStatusCode(code int) int {
+	if code >= 500 {
+		return http.StatusBadGateway
+	}
+	return code
+}