Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/main' into rebuild/auth-identity-foundation

# Conflicts:
#	backend/internal/service/openai_images.go

backend/internal/pkg/openai/constants.go

@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ var DefaultModels = []Model{
 	{ID: "gpt-5.3-codex", Object: "model", Created: 1735689600, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5.3 Codex"},
 	{ID: "gpt-5.3-codex-spark", Object: "model", Created: 1735689600, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5.3 Codex Spark"},
 	{ID: "gpt-5.2", Object: "model", Created: 1733875200, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT-5.2"},
+	{ID: "gpt-image-1", Object: "model", Created: 1733875200, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT Image 1"},
+	{ID: "gpt-image-1.5", Object: "model", Created: 1735689600, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT Image 1.5"},
 	{ID: "gpt-image-2", Object: "model", Created: 1738368000, OwnedBy: "openai", Type: "model", DisplayName: "GPT Image 2"},
 }
 

backend/internal/service/account_test_service.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
@@ -52,8 +53,14 @@ type TestEvent struct {
 const (
 	defaultGeminiTextTestPrompt  = "hi"
 	defaultGeminiImageTestPrompt = "Generate a cute orange cat astronaut sticker on a clean pastel background."
+	defaultOpenAIImageTestPrompt = "Generate a cute orange cat astronaut sticker on a clean pastel background."
 )
 
+// isOpenAIImageModel checks if the model is an OpenAI image generation model (e.g. gpt-image-2).
+func isOpenAIImageModel(model string) bool {
+	return strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(model), "gpt-image-")
+}
+
 // AccountTestService handles account testing operations
 type AccountTestService struct {
 	accountRepo               AccountRepository
@@ -430,6 +437,18 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) testOpenAIAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, account
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Route to image generation test if an image model is selected
+	if isOpenAIImageModel(testModelID) {
+		imagePrompt := strings.TrimSpace(prompt)
+		if imagePrompt == "" {
+			imagePrompt = defaultOpenAIImageTestPrompt
+		}
+		if account.Type == "apikey" {
+			return s.testOpenAIImageAPIKey(c, ctx, account, testModelID, imagePrompt)
+		}
+		return s.testOpenAIImageOAuth(c, ctx, account, testModelID, imagePrompt)
+	}
+
 	// Determine authentication method and API URL
 	var authToken string
 	var apiURL string
@@ -1026,7 +1045,336 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) processOpenAIStream(c *gin.Context, body io.Reader)
 	}
 }
 
-// sendEvent sends a SSE event to the client
+// testOpenAIImageAPIKey tests OpenAI image generation using an API Key account.
+func (s *AccountTestService) testOpenAIImageAPIKey(c *gin.Context, ctx context.Context, account *Account, modelID, prompt string) error {
+	authToken := account.GetOpenAIApiKey()
+	if authToken == "" {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, "No API key available")
+	}
+
+	baseURL := account.GetOpenAIBaseURL()
+	if baseURL == "" {
+		baseURL = "https://api.openai.com"
+	}
+	normalizedBaseURL, err := s.validateUpstreamBaseURL(baseURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Invalid base URL: %s", err.Error()))
+	}
+	apiURL := strings.TrimSuffix(normalizedBaseURL, "/") + "/v1/images/generations"
+
+	// Set SSE headers
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("X-Accel-Buffering", "no")
+	c.Writer.Flush()
+
+	s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_start", Model: modelID})
+
+	payload := map[string]any{
+		"model":           modelID,
+		"prompt":          prompt,
+		"n":               1,
+		"response_format": "b64_json",
+	}
+	payloadBytes, _ := json.Marshal(payload)
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", apiURL, bytes.NewReader(payloadBytes))
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, "Failed to create request")
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+authToken)
+
+	proxyURL := ""
+	if account.ProxyID != nil && account.Proxy != nil {
+		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
+	}
+
+	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.DoWithTLS(req, proxyURL, account.ID, account.Concurrency, s.tlsFPProfileService.ResolveTLSProfile(account))
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Request failed: %s", err.Error()))
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to read response: %s", err.Error()))
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("API returned %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body)))
+	}
+
+	// Parse {"data": [{"b64_json": "...", "revised_prompt": "..."}]}
+	var result struct {
+		Data []struct {
+			B64JSON       string `json:"b64_json"`
+			RevisedPrompt string `json:"revised_prompt"`
+		} `json:"data"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &result); err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to parse response: %s", err.Error()))
+	}
+
+	if len(result.Data) == 0 {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, "No images returned from API")
+	}
+
+	for _, item := range result.Data {
+		if item.RevisedPrompt != "" {
+			s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "content", Text: item.RevisedPrompt})
+		}
+		if item.B64JSON != "" {
+			s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{
+				Type:     "image",
+				ImageURL: "data:image/png;base64," + item.B64JSON,
+				MimeType: "image/png",
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_complete", Success: true})
+	return nil
+}
+
+// testOpenAIImageOAuth tests OpenAI image generation using an OAuth account via ChatGPT backend API.
+func (s *AccountTestService) testOpenAIImageOAuth(c *gin.Context, ctx context.Context, account *Account, modelID, prompt string) error {
+	authToken := account.GetOpenAIAccessToken()
+	if authToken == "" {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, "No access token available")
+	}
+
+	// Set SSE headers
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("X-Accel-Buffering", "no")
+	c.Writer.Flush()
+
+	s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_start", Model: modelID})
+	s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "content", Text: "Initializing ChatGPT backend...\n"})
+
+	// Build headers (replicating buildOpenAIBackendAPIHeaders logic)
+	headers := buildOpenAIBackendAPIHeadersForTest(ctx, account, authToken, s.accountRepo)
+
+	proxyURL := ""
+	if account.ProxyID != nil && account.Proxy != nil {
+		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
+	}
+
+	client, err := newOpenAIBackendAPIClient(proxyURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to create client: %s", err.Error()))
+	}
+
+	// Bootstrap
+	if bootstrapErr := bootstrapOpenAIBackendAPI(ctx, client, headers); bootstrapErr != nil {
+		log.Printf("OpenAI image test bootstrap warning: %v", bootstrapErr)
+	}
+
+	// Fetch chat requirements
+	s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "content", Text: "Fetching chat requirements...\n"})
+	chatReqs, err := fetchOpenAIChatRequirements(ctx, client, headers)
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Chat requirements failed: %s", err.Error()))
+	}
+	if chatReqs.Arkose.Required {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, "Unsupported challenge: arkose required")
+	}
+
+	// Initialize and prepare conversation
+	s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "content", Text: "Preparing image conversation...\n"})
+	parentMessageID := uuid.NewString()
+	proofToken := generateOpenAIProofToken(chatReqs.ProofOfWork.Required, chatReqs.ProofOfWork.Seed, chatReqs.ProofOfWork.Difficulty, headers.Get("User-Agent"))
+	_ = initializeOpenAIImageConversation(ctx, client, headers)
+	conduitToken, err := prepareOpenAIImageConversation(ctx, client, headers, prompt, parentMessageID, chatReqs.Token, proofToken)
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Conversation prepare failed: %s", err.Error()))
+	}
+
+	// Build simplified conversation request (no file uploads)
+	convReq := buildOpenAIImageTestConversationRequest(prompt, parentMessageID)
+	convHeaders := cloneHTTPHeader(headers)
+	convHeaders.Set("Accept", "text/event-stream")
+	convHeaders.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	convHeaders.Set("openai-sentinel-chat-requirements-token", chatReqs.Token)
+	if conduitToken != "" {
+		convHeaders.Set("x-conduit-token", conduitToken)
+	}
+	if proofToken != "" {
+		convHeaders.Set("openai-sentinel-proof-token", proofToken)
+	}
+
+	s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "content", Text: "Generating image...\n"})
+
+	resp, err := client.R().
+		SetContext(ctx).
+		DisableAutoReadResponse().
+		SetHeaders(headerToMap(convHeaders)).
+		SetBodyJsonMarshal(convReq).
+		Post(openAIChatGPTConversationURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Conversation request failed: %s", err.Error()))
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if resp != nil && resp.Body != nil {
+			_ = resp.Body.Close()
+		}
+	}()
+	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Conversation API returned %d", resp.StatusCode))
+	}
+
+	startTime := time.Now()
+	conversationID, pointerInfos, _, _, err := readOpenAIImageConversationStream(resp, startTime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Stream read failed: %s", err.Error()))
+	}
+
+	pointerInfos = mergeOpenAIImagePointerInfos(pointerInfos, nil)
+	if conversationID != "" && !hasOpenAIFileServicePointerInfos(pointerInfos) {
+		s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "content", Text: "Waiting for image generation to complete...\n"})
+		polledPointers, pollErr := pollOpenAIImageConversation(ctx, client, headers, conversationID)
+		if pollErr != nil {
+			return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Poll failed: %s", pollErr.Error()))
+		}
+		pointerInfos = mergeOpenAIImagePointerInfos(pointerInfos, polledPointers)
+	}
+	pointerInfos = preferOpenAIFileServicePointerInfos(pointerInfos)
+	if len(pointerInfos) == 0 {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, "No images returned from conversation")
+	}
+
+	s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "content", Text: "Downloading generated image...\n"})
+
+	// Download and encode each image
+	for _, pointer := range pointerInfos {
+		downloadURL, err := fetchOpenAIImageDownloadURL(ctx, client, headers, conversationID, pointer.Pointer)
+		if err != nil {
+			return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Download URL fetch failed: %s", err.Error()))
+		}
+		data, err := downloadOpenAIImageBytes(ctx, client, headers, downloadURL)
+		if err != nil {
+			return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Image download failed: %s", err.Error()))
+		}
+		b64 := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(data)
+		mimeType := http.DetectContentType(data)
+		if pointer.Prompt != "" {
+			s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "content", Text: pointer.Prompt})
+		}
+		s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{
+			Type:     "image",
+			ImageURL: "data:" + mimeType + ";base64," + b64,
+			MimeType: mimeType,
+		})
+	}
+
+	s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_complete", Success: true})
+	return nil
+}
+
+// buildOpenAIBackendAPIHeadersForTest builds ChatGPT backend API headers for test purposes.
+// Replicates the logic from OpenAIGatewayService.buildOpenAIBackendAPIHeaders without
+// requiring the full gateway service dependency.
+func buildOpenAIBackendAPIHeadersForTest(ctx context.Context, account *Account, token string, repo AccountRepository) http.Header {
+	// Ensure device and session IDs exist
+	deviceID := account.GetOpenAIDeviceID()
+	sessionID := account.GetOpenAISessionID()
+	if deviceID == "" || sessionID == "" {
+		updates := map[string]any{}
+		if deviceID == "" {
+			deviceID = uuid.NewString()
+			updates["openai_device_id"] = deviceID
+		}
+		if sessionID == "" {
+			sessionID = uuid.NewString()
+			updates["openai_session_id"] = sessionID
+		}
+		if account.Extra == nil {
+			account.Extra = map[string]any{}
+		}
+		for key, value := range updates {
+			account.Extra[key] = value
+		}
+		if repo != nil {
+			updateCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 5*time.Second)
+			defer cancel()
+			_ = repo.UpdateExtra(updateCtx, account.ID, updates)
+		}
+	}
+
+	headers := make(http.Header)
+	headers.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+token)
+	headers.Set("Accept", "application/json")
+	headers.Set("Origin", "https://chatgpt.com")
+	headers.Set("Referer", "https://chatgpt.com/")
+	headers.Set("Sec-Fetch-Dest", "empty")
+	headers.Set("Sec-Fetch-Mode", "cors")
+	headers.Set("Sec-Fetch-Site", "same-origin")
+	headers.Set("User-Agent", openAIImageBackendUserAgent)
+	if customUA := strings.TrimSpace(account.GetOpenAIUserAgent()); customUA != "" {
+		headers.Set("User-Agent", customUA)
+	}
+	if chatgptAccountID := strings.TrimSpace(account.GetChatGPTAccountID()); chatgptAccountID != "" {
+		headers.Set("chatgpt-account-id", chatgptAccountID)
+	}
+	if deviceID != "" {
+		headers.Set("oai-device-id", deviceID)
+		headers.Set("Cookie", "oai-did="+deviceID)
+	}
+	if sessionID != "" {
+		headers.Set("oai-session-id", sessionID)
+	}
+	return headers
+}
+
+// buildOpenAIImageTestConversationRequest creates a simplified image generation conversation request.
+func buildOpenAIImageTestConversationRequest(prompt, parentMessageID string) map[string]any {
+	promptText := strings.TrimSpace(prompt)
+	if promptText == "" {
+		promptText = "Generate an image."
+	}
+	metadata := map[string]any{
+		"developer_mode_connector_ids": []any{},
+		"selected_github_repos":        []any{},
+		"selected_all_github_repos":    false,
+		"system_hints":                 []string{"picture_v2"},
+		"serialization_metadata": map[string]any{
+			"custom_symbol_offsets": []any{},
+		},
+	}
+	message := map[string]any{
+		"id":     uuid.NewString(),
+		"author": map[string]any{"role": "user"},
+		"content": map[string]any{
+			"content_type": "text",
+			"parts":        []any{promptText},
+		},
+		"metadata":    metadata,
+		"create_time": float64(time.Now().UnixMilli()) / 1000,
+	}
+	return map[string]any{
+		"action":                   "next",
+		"client_prepare_state":     "sent",
+		"parent_message_id":        parentMessageID,
+		"messages":                 []any{message},
+		"model":                    "auto",
+		"timezone_offset_min":      openAITimezoneOffsetMinutes(),
+		"timezone":                 openAITimezoneName(),
+		"conversation_mode":        map[string]any{"kind": "primary_assistant"},
+		"system_hints":             []string{"picture_v2"},
+		"supports_buffering":       true,
+		"supported_encodings":      []string{"v1"},
+		"client_contextual_info":   map[string]any{"app_name": "chatgpt.com"},
+		"force_nulligen":           false,
+		"force_paragen":            false,
+		"force_paragen_model_slug": "",
+		"force_rate_limit":         false,
+		"websocket_request_id":     uuid.NewString(),
+	}
+}
+
 func (s *AccountTestService) sendEvent(c *gin.Context, event TestEvent) {
 	eventJSON, _ := json.Marshal(event)
 	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(c.Writer, "data: %s\n\n", eventJSON); err != nil {

backend/internal/service/openai_account_scheduler.go

@@ -917,7 +917,15 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) SelectAccountWithSchedulerForImages(
 	excludedIDs map[int64]struct{},
 	requiredCapability OpenAIImagesCapability,
 ) (*AccountSelectionResult, OpenAIAccountScheduleDecision, error) {
-	return s.selectAccountWithScheduler(ctx, groupID, "", sessionHash, requestedModel, excludedIDs, OpenAIUpstreamTransportHTTPSSE, requiredCapability)
+	selection, decision, err := s.selectAccountWithScheduler(ctx, groupID, "", sessionHash, requestedModel, excludedIDs, OpenAIUpstreamTransportHTTPSSE, requiredCapability)
+	if err == nil && selection != nil && selection.Account != nil {
+		return selection, decision, nil
+	}
+	// 如果要求 native 能力（如指定了模型）但没有可用的 APIKey 账号，回退到 basic（OAuth 账号）
+	if requiredCapability == OpenAIImagesCapabilityNative {
+		return s.selectAccountWithScheduler(ctx, groupID, "", sessionHash, requestedModel, excludedIDs, OpenAIUpstreamTransportHTTPSSE, OpenAIImagesCapabilityBasic)
+	}
+	return selection, decision, err
 }
 
 func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) selectAccountWithScheduler(

backend/internal/service/openai_images.go

@@ -1294,7 +1294,7 @@ type openAIImageToolMessage struct {
 }
 
 func readOpenAIImageConversationStream(resp *req.Response, startTime time.Time) (string, []openAIImagePointerInfo, OpenAIUsage, *int, error) {
-	if resp == nil || resp.Response == nil || resp.Body == nil {
+	if resp == nil || resp.Body == nil {
 		return "", nil, OpenAIUsage{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("empty conversation response")
 	}
 	reader := bufio.NewReader(resp.Body)

frontend/src/components/account/AccountTestModal.vue

@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@
         />
       </div>
 
-      <div v-if="supportsGeminiImageTest" class="space-y-1.5">
+      <div v-if="supportsImageTest" class="space-y-1.5">
         <TextArea
           v-model="testPrompt"
-          :label="t('admin.accounts.geminiImagePromptLabel')"
+          :label="t('admin.accounts.imagePromptLabel')"
-          :placeholder="t('admin.accounts.geminiImagePromptPlaceholder')"
+          :placeholder="t('admin.accounts.imagePromptPlaceholder')"
-          :hint="t('admin.accounts.geminiImageTestHint')"
+          :hint="t('admin.accounts.imageTestHint')"
           :disabled="status === 'connecting'"
           rows="3"
         />
@@ -122,24 +122,48 @@
 
       <div v-if="generatedImages.length > 0" class="space-y-2">
         <div class="text-xs font-medium text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-300">
-          {{ t('admin.accounts.geminiImagePreview') }}
+          {{ t('admin.accounts.imagePreview') }}
         </div>
-        <div class="grid gap-3 sm:grid-cols-2">
+        <div class="flex flex-wrap justify-center gap-3">
-          <a
+          <div
             v-for="(image, index) in generatedImages"
             :key="`${image.url}-${index}`"
-            :href="image.url"
+            class="group/img relative cursor-pointer overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-gray-200 bg-white shadow-sm transition hover:border-primary-300 hover:shadow-md dark:border-dark-500 dark:bg-dark-700"
-            target="_blank"
+            @click="previewImageUrl = image.url"
-            rel="noopener noreferrer"
-            class="overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-gray-200 bg-white shadow-sm transition hover:border-primary-300 hover:shadow-md dark:border-dark-500 dark:bg-dark-700"
           >
-            <img :src="image.url" :alt="`gemini-test-image-${index + 1}`" class="h-48 w-full object-cover" />
+            <img :src="image.url" :alt="`test-image-${index + 1}`" class="max-h-[360px] w-full object-contain" />
-            <div class="border-t border-gray-100 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:border-dark-500 dark:text-gray-300">
+            <div class="absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center bg-black/0 transition-colors group-hover/img:bg-black/20">
+              <Icon name="eye" size="lg" class="text-white opacity-0 drop-shadow-lg transition-opacity group-hover/img:opacity-100" :stroke-width="2" />
+            </div>
+            <div class="border-t border-gray-100 px-3 py-1.5 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:border-dark-500 dark:text-gray-300">
               {{ image.mimeType || 'image/*' }}
             </div>
-          </a>
           </div>
         </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <!-- Image Lightbox -->
+      <Teleport to="body">
+        <Transition name="fade">
+          <div
+            v-if="previewImageUrl"
+            class="fixed inset-0 z-[100] flex items-center justify-center bg-black/80 p-4"
+            @click.self="previewImageUrl = ''"
+          >
+            <button
+              class="absolute right-4 top-4 rounded-full bg-black/50 p-2 text-white transition-colors hover:bg-black/70"
+              @click="previewImageUrl = ''"
+            >
+              <Icon name="x" size="lg" :stroke-width="2" />
+            </button>
+            <img
+              :src="previewImageUrl"
+              alt="preview"
+              class="max-h-[90vh] max-w-[90vw] rounded-lg object-contain shadow-2xl"
+            />
+          </div>
+        </Transition>
+      </Teleport>
 
       <!-- Test Info -->
       <div class="flex items-center justify-between px-1 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
@@ -152,8 +176,8 @@
         <span class="flex items-center gap-1">
           <Icon name="chat" size="sm" :stroke-width="2" />
           {{
-            supportsGeminiImageTest
+            supportsImageTest
-              ? t('admin.accounts.geminiImageTestMode')
+              ? t('admin.accounts.imageTestMode')
               : t('admin.accounts.testPrompt')
           }}
         </span>
@@ -250,6 +274,7 @@ const testPrompt = ref('')
 const loadingModels = ref(false)
 let abortController: AbortController | null = null
 const generatedImages = ref<PreviewImage[]>([])
+const previewImageUrl = ref('')
 const prioritizedGeminiModels = ['gemini-3.1-flash-image', 'gemini-2.5-flash-image', 'gemini-2.5-flash', 'gemini-2.5-pro', 'gemini-3-flash-preview', 'gemini-3-pro-preview', 'gemini-2.0-flash']
 const supportsGeminiImageTest = computed(() => {
   const modelID = selectedModelId.value.toLowerCase()
@@ -258,6 +283,14 @@ const supportsGeminiImageTest = computed(() => {
   return props.account?.platform === 'gemini' || (props.account?.platform === 'antigravity' && props.account?.type === 'apikey')
 })
 
+const supportsOpenAIImageTest = computed(() => {
+  const modelID = selectedModelId.value.toLowerCase()
+  if (!modelID.startsWith('gpt-image-')) return false
+  return props.account?.platform === 'openai'
+})
+
+const supportsImageTest = computed(() => supportsGeminiImageTest.value || supportsOpenAIImageTest.value)
+
 const sortTestModels = (models: ClaudeModel[]) => {
   const priorityMap = new Map(prioritizedGeminiModels.map((id, index) => [id, index]))
 
@@ -284,8 +317,8 @@ watch(
 )
 
 watch(selectedModelId, () => {
-  if (supportsGeminiImageTest.value && !testPrompt.value.trim()) {
+  if (supportsImageTest.value && !testPrompt.value.trim()) {
-    testPrompt.value = t('admin.accounts.geminiImagePromptDefault')
+    testPrompt.value = t('admin.accounts.imagePromptDefault')
   }
 })
 
@@ -325,6 +358,7 @@ const resetState = () => {
   streamingContent.value = ''
   errorMessage.value = ''
   generatedImages.value = []
+  previewImageUrl.value = ''
 }
 
 const handleClose = () => {
@@ -377,7 +411,7 @@ const startTest = async () => {
       },
       body: JSON.stringify({
               model_id: selectedModelId.value,
-              prompt: supportsGeminiImageTest.value ? testPrompt.value.trim() : ''
+              prompt: supportsImageTest.value ? testPrompt.value.trim() : ''
             }),
       signal: abortController.signal
     })
@@ -444,8 +478,8 @@ const handleEvent = (event: {
         addLine(t('admin.accounts.usingModel', { model: event.model }), 'text-cyan-400')
       }
       addLine(
-        supportsGeminiImageTest.value
+        supportsImageTest.value
-            ? t('admin.accounts.sendingGeminiImageRequest')
+            ? t('admin.accounts.sendingImageRequest')
             : t('admin.accounts.sendingTestMessage'),
         'text-gray-400'
       )
@@ -466,7 +500,7 @@ const handleEvent = (event: {
           url: event.image_url,
           mimeType: event.mime_type
         })
-        addLine(t('admin.accounts.geminiImageReceived', { count: generatedImages.value.length }), 'text-purple-300')
+        addLine(t('admin.accounts.imageReceived', { count: generatedImages.value.length }), 'text-purple-300')
       }
       break
 
@@ -500,3 +534,14 @@ const copyOutput = () => {
   copyToClipboard(text, t('admin.accounts.outputCopied'))
 }
 </script>
+
+<style>
+.fade-enter-active,
+.fade-leave-active {
+  transition: opacity 0.2s ease;
+}
+.fade-enter-from,
+.fade-leave-to {
+  opacity: 0;
+}
+</style>

frontend/src/components/admin/account/AccountTestModal.vue

@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@
         />
       </div>
 
-      <div v-if="supportsGeminiImageTest" class="space-y-1.5">
+      <div v-if="supportsImageTest" class="space-y-1.5">
         <TextArea
           v-model="testPrompt"
-          :label="t('admin.accounts.geminiImagePromptLabel')"
+          :label="t('admin.accounts.imagePromptLabel')"
-          :placeholder="t('admin.accounts.geminiImagePromptPlaceholder')"
+          :placeholder="t('admin.accounts.imagePromptPlaceholder')"
-          :hint="t('admin.accounts.geminiImageTestHint')"
+          :hint="t('admin.accounts.imageTestHint')"
           :disabled="status === 'connecting'"
           rows="3"
         />
@@ -122,24 +122,48 @@
 
       <div v-if="generatedImages.length > 0" class="space-y-2">
         <div class="text-xs font-medium text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-300">
-          {{ t('admin.accounts.geminiImagePreview') }}
+          {{ t('admin.accounts.imagePreview') }}
         </div>
-        <div class="grid gap-3 sm:grid-cols-2">
+        <div class="flex flex-wrap justify-center gap-3">
-          <a
+          <div
             v-for="(image, index) in generatedImages"
             :key="`${image.url}-${index}`"
-            :href="image.url"
+            class="group/img relative cursor-pointer overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-gray-200 bg-white shadow-sm transition hover:border-primary-300 hover:shadow-md dark:border-dark-500 dark:bg-dark-700"
-            target="_blank"
+            @click="previewImageUrl = image.url"
-            rel="noopener noreferrer"
-            class="overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-gray-200 bg-white shadow-sm transition hover:border-primary-300 hover:shadow-md dark:border-dark-500 dark:bg-dark-700"
           >
-            <img :src="image.url" :alt="`gemini-test-image-${index + 1}`" class="h-48 w-full object-cover" />
+            <img :src="image.url" :alt="`test-image-${index + 1}`" class="max-h-[360px] w-full object-contain" />
-            <div class="border-t border-gray-100 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:border-dark-500 dark:text-gray-300">
+            <div class="absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center bg-black/0 transition-colors group-hover/img:bg-black/20">
+              <Icon name="eye" size="lg" class="text-white opacity-0 drop-shadow-lg transition-opacity group-hover/img:opacity-100" :stroke-width="2" />
+            </div>
+            <div class="border-t border-gray-100 px-3 py-1.5 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:border-dark-500 dark:text-gray-300">
               {{ image.mimeType || 'image/*' }}
             </div>
-          </a>
           </div>
         </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <!-- Image Lightbox -->
+      <Teleport to="body">
+        <Transition name="fade">
+          <div
+            v-if="previewImageUrl"
+            class="fixed inset-0 z-[100] flex items-center justify-center bg-black/80 p-4"
+            @click.self="previewImageUrl = ''"
+          >
+            <button
+              class="absolute right-4 top-4 rounded-full bg-black/50 p-2 text-white transition-colors hover:bg-black/70"
+              @click="previewImageUrl = ''"
+            >
+              <Icon name="x" size="lg" :stroke-width="2" />
+            </button>
+            <img
+              :src="previewImageUrl"
+              alt="preview"
+              class="max-h-[90vh] max-w-[90vw] rounded-lg object-contain shadow-2xl"
+            />
+          </div>
+        </Transition>
+      </Teleport>
 
       <!-- Test Info -->
       <div class="flex items-center justify-between px-1 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
@@ -152,8 +176,8 @@
         <span class="flex items-center gap-1">
           <Icon name="chat" size="sm" :stroke-width="2" />
           {{
-            supportsGeminiImageTest
+            supportsImageTest
-              ? t('admin.accounts.geminiImageTestMode')
+              ? t('admin.accounts.imageTestMode')
               : t('admin.accounts.testPrompt')
           }}
         </span>
@@ -250,6 +274,7 @@ const testPrompt = ref('')
 const loadingModels = ref(false)
 let abortController: AbortController | null = null
 const generatedImages = ref<PreviewImage[]>([])
+const previewImageUrl = ref('')
 const prioritizedGeminiModels = ['gemini-3.1-flash-image', 'gemini-2.5-flash-image', 'gemini-2.5-flash', 'gemini-2.5-pro', 'gemini-3-flash-preview', 'gemini-3-pro-preview', 'gemini-2.0-flash']
 const supportsGeminiImageTest = computed(() => {
   const modelID = selectedModelId.value.toLowerCase()
@@ -258,6 +283,14 @@ const supportsGeminiImageTest = computed(() => {
   return props.account?.platform === 'gemini' || (props.account?.platform === 'antigravity' && props.account?.type === 'apikey')
 })
 
+const supportsOpenAIImageTest = computed(() => {
+  const modelID = selectedModelId.value.toLowerCase()
+  if (!modelID.startsWith('gpt-image-')) return false
+  return props.account?.platform === 'openai'
+})
+
+const supportsImageTest = computed(() => supportsGeminiImageTest.value || supportsOpenAIImageTest.value)
+
 const sortTestModels = (models: ClaudeModel[]) => {
   const priorityMap = new Map(prioritizedGeminiModels.map((id, index) => [id, index]))
 
@@ -284,8 +317,8 @@ watch(
 )
 
 watch(selectedModelId, () => {
-  if (supportsGeminiImageTest.value && !testPrompt.value.trim()) {
+  if (supportsImageTest.value && !testPrompt.value.trim()) {
-    testPrompt.value = t('admin.accounts.geminiImagePromptDefault')
+    testPrompt.value = t('admin.accounts.imagePromptDefault')
   }
 })
 
@@ -325,6 +358,7 @@ const resetState = () => {
   streamingContent.value = ''
   errorMessage.value = ''
   generatedImages.value = []
+  previewImageUrl.value = ''
 }
 
 const handleClose = () => {
@@ -377,7 +411,7 @@ const startTest = async () => {
       },
       body: JSON.stringify({
               model_id: selectedModelId.value,
-              prompt: supportsGeminiImageTest.value ? testPrompt.value.trim() : ''
+              prompt: supportsImageTest.value ? testPrompt.value.trim() : ''
             }),
       signal: abortController.signal
     })
@@ -444,8 +478,8 @@ const handleEvent = (event: {
         addLine(t('admin.accounts.usingModel', { model: event.model }), 'text-cyan-400')
       }
       addLine(
-        supportsGeminiImageTest.value
+        supportsImageTest.value
-            ? t('admin.accounts.sendingGeminiImageRequest')
+            ? t('admin.accounts.sendingImageRequest')
             : t('admin.accounts.sendingTestMessage'),
         'text-gray-400'
       )
@@ -466,7 +500,7 @@ const handleEvent = (event: {
           url: event.image_url,
           mimeType: event.mime_type
         })
-        addLine(t('admin.accounts.geminiImageReceived', { count: generatedImages.value.length }), 'text-purple-300')
+        addLine(t('admin.accounts.imageReceived', { count: generatedImages.value.length }), 'text-purple-300')
       }
       break
 
@@ -500,3 +534,14 @@ const copyOutput = () => {
   copyToClipboard(text, t('admin.accounts.outputCopied'))
 }
 </script>
+
+<style>
+.fade-enter-active,
+.fade-leave-active {
+  transition: opacity 0.2s ease;
+}
+.fade-enter-from,
+.fade-leave-to {
+  opacity: 0;
+}
+</style>

frontend/src/components/admin/account/__tests__/AccountTestModal.spec.ts

@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ vi.mock('@/composables/useClipboard', () => ({
 vi.mock('vue-i18n', async () => {
   const actual = await vi.importActual<typeof import('vue-i18n')>('vue-i18n')
   const messages: Record<string, string> = {
-    'admin.accounts.geminiImagePromptDefault': 'Generate a cute orange cat astronaut sticker on a clean pastel background.'
+    'admin.accounts.imagePromptDefault': 'Generate a cute orange cat astronaut sticker on a clean pastel background.'
   }
   return {
     ...actual,
     useI18n: () => ({
       t: (key: string, params?: Record<string, string | number>) => {
-        if (key === 'admin.accounts.geminiImageReceived' && params?.count) {
+        if (key === 'admin.accounts.imageReceived' && params?.count) {
           return `received-${params.count}`
         }
         return messages[key] || key
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ describe('AccountTestModal', () => {
       prompt: 'draw a tiny orange cat astronaut'
     })
 
-    const preview = wrapper.find('img[alt="gemini-test-image-1"]')
+    const preview = wrapper.find('img[alt="test-image-1"]')
     expect(preview.exists()).toBe(true)
     expect(preview.attributes('src')).toBe('data:image/png;base64,QUJD')
   })

frontend/src/composables/useModelWhitelist.ts

@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ const openaiModels = [
   // GPT-5.3 系列
   'gpt-5.3-codex', 'gpt-5.3-codex-spark',
   'chatgpt-4o-latest',
-  'gpt-4o-audio-preview', 'gpt-4o-realtime-preview'
+  'gpt-4o-audio-preview', 'gpt-4o-realtime-preview',
+  // GPT Image 系列
+  'gpt-image-1', 'gpt-image-1.5', 'gpt-image-2'
 ]
 
 // Anthropic Claude

frontend/src/i18n/locales/en.ts

@@ -3023,7 +3023,7 @@ export default {
       connectedToApi: 'Connected to API',
       usingModel: 'Using model: {model}',
       sendingTestMessage: 'Sending test message: "hi"',
-      sendingGeminiImageRequest: 'Sending Gemini image generation test request...',
+      sendingImageRequest: 'Sending image generation test request...',
       response: 'Response:',
       startTest: 'Start Test',
       testing: 'Testing...',
@@ -3035,13 +3035,13 @@ export default {
       selectTestModel: 'Select Test Model',
       testModel: 'Test model',
       testPrompt: 'Prompt: "hi"',
-      geminiImagePromptLabel: 'Image prompt',
+      imagePromptLabel: 'Image prompt',
-      geminiImagePromptPlaceholder: 'Example: Generate an orange cat astronaut sticker in pixel-art style on a solid background.',
+      imagePromptPlaceholder: 'Example: Generate an orange cat astronaut sticker in pixel-art style on a solid background.',
-      geminiImagePromptDefault: 'Generate a cute orange cat astronaut sticker on a clean pastel background.',
+      imagePromptDefault: 'Generate a cute orange cat astronaut sticker on a clean pastel background.',
-      geminiImageTestHint: 'When a Gemini image model is selected, this test sends a real image-generation request and previews the returned image below.',
+      imageTestHint: 'When an image model is selected, this test sends a real image-generation request and previews the returned image below.',
-      geminiImageTestMode: 'Mode: Gemini image generation test',
+      imageTestMode: 'Mode: Image generation test',
-      geminiImagePreview: 'Generated images:',
+      imagePreview: 'Generated images:',
-      geminiImageReceived: 'Received test image #{count}',
+      imageReceived: 'Received test image #{count}',
       // Stats Modal
       viewStats: 'View Stats',
       usageStatistics: 'Usage Statistics',

frontend/src/i18n/locales/zh.ts

@@ -3154,7 +3154,7 @@ export default {
       connectedToApi: '已连接到 API',
       usingModel: '使用模型：{model}',
       sendingTestMessage: '发送测试消息："hi"',
-      sendingGeminiImageRequest: '发送 Gemini 生图测试请求...',
+      sendingImageRequest: '发送生图测试请求...',
       response: '响应：',
       startTest: '开始测试',
       retry: '重试',
@@ -3165,13 +3165,13 @@ export default {
       selectTestModel: '选择测试模型',
       testModel: '测试模型',
       testPrompt: '提示词："hi"',
-      geminiImagePromptLabel: '生图提示词',
+      imagePromptLabel: '生图提示词',
-      geminiImagePromptPlaceholder: '例如：生成一只戴宇航员头盔的橘猫，像素插画风格，纯色背景。',
+      imagePromptPlaceholder: '例如：生成一只戴宇航员头盔的橘猫，像素插画风格，纯色背景。',
-      geminiImagePromptDefault: 'Generate a cute orange cat astronaut sticker on a clean pastel background.',
+      imagePromptDefault: 'Generate a cute orange cat astronaut sticker on a clean pastel background.',
-      geminiImageTestHint: '选择 Gemini 图片模型后，这里会直接发起生图测试，并在下方展示返回图片。',
+      imageTestHint: '选择图片模型后，这里会直接发起生图测试，并在下方展示返回图片。',
-      geminiImageTestMode: '模式：Gemini 生图测试',
+      imageTestMode: '模式：生图测试',
-      geminiImagePreview: '生成结果：',
+      imagePreview: '生成结果：',
-      geminiImageReceived: '已收到第 {count} 张测试图片',
+      imageReceived: '已收到第 {count} 张测试图片',
       // Stats Modal
       viewStats: '查看统计',
       usageStatistics: '使用统计',

frontend/src/views/admin/GroupsView.vue

@@ -628,11 +628,12 @@
           </div>
         </div>
 
-        <!-- 图片生成计费配置（antigravity 和 gemini 平台） -->
+        <!-- 图片生成计费配置 -->
         <div
           v-if="
             createForm.platform === 'antigravity' ||
-            createForm.platform === 'gemini'
+            createForm.platform === 'gemini' ||
+            createForm.platform === 'openai'
           "
           class="border-t pt-4"
         >
@@ -1750,11 +1751,12 @@
           </div>
         </div>
 
-        <!-- 图片生成计费配置（antigravity 和 gemini 平台） -->
+        <!-- 图片生成计费配置 -->
         <div
           v-if="
             editForm.platform === 'antigravity' ||
-            editForm.platform === 'gemini'
+            editForm.platform === 'gemini' ||
+            editForm.platform === 'openai'
           "
           class="border-t pt-4"
         >