diff --git a/backend/internal/handler/auth_handler.go b/backend/internal/handler/auth_handler.go
index c5cce937..882e4cf2 100644
--- a/backend/internal/handler/auth_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/auth_handler.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package handler
 import (
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/handler/dto"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/ip"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/response"
 	middleware2 "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/server/middleware"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) Register(c *gin.Context) {
 
 	// Turnstile 验证（当提供了邮箱验证码时跳过，因为发送验证码时已验证过）
 	if req.VerifyCode == "" {
-		if err := h.authService.VerifyTurnstile(c.Request.Context(), req.TurnstileToken, c.ClientIP()); err != nil {
+		if err := h.authService.VerifyTurnstile(c.Request.Context(), req.TurnstileToken, ip.GetClientIP(c)); err != nil {
 			response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
 			return
 		}
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) SendVerifyCode(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	// Turnstile 验证
-	if err := h.authService.VerifyTurnstile(c.Request.Context(), req.TurnstileToken, c.ClientIP()); err != nil {
+	if err := h.authService.VerifyTurnstile(c.Request.Context(), req.TurnstileToken, ip.GetClientIP(c)); err != nil {
 		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ func (h *AuthHandler) Login(c *gin.Context) {
 	}
 
 	// Turnstile 验证
-	if err := h.authService.VerifyTurnstile(c.Request.Context(), req.TurnstileToken, c.ClientIP()); err != nil {
+	if err := h.authService.VerifyTurnstile(c.Request.Context(), req.TurnstileToken, ip.GetClientIP(c)); err != nil {
 		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
 		return
 	}
diff --git a/backend/internal/handler/gemini_v1beta_handler.go b/backend/internal/handler/gemini_v1beta_handler.go
index 5c246456..2dddb856 100644
--- a/backend/internal/handler/gemini_v1beta_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/gemini_v1beta_handler.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/antigravity"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/gemini"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/googleapi"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/ip"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/server/middleware"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
 
@@ -316,7 +317,7 @@ func (h *GatewayHandler) GeminiV1BetaModels(c *gin.Context) {
 
 		// 捕获请求信息（用于异步记录，避免在 goroutine 中访问 gin.Context）
 		userAgent := c.GetHeader("User-Agent")
-		clientIP := c.ClientIP()
+		clientIP := ip.GetClientIP(c)
 
 		// 6) record usage async
 		go func(result *service.ForwardResult, usedAccount *service.Account, ua, ip string) {
diff --git a/backend/internal/handler/openai_gateway_handler.go b/backend/internal/handler/openai_gateway_handler.go
index 8f6ef05f..3011b97d 100644
--- a/backend/internal/handler/openai_gateway_handler.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/openai_gateway_handler.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/ip"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/openai"
 	middleware2 "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/server/middleware"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
@@ -265,7 +266,7 @@ func (h *OpenAIGatewayHandler) Responses(c *gin.Context) {
 
 		// 捕获请求信息（用于异步记录，避免在 goroutine 中访问 gin.Context）
 		userAgent := c.GetHeader("User-Agent")
-		clientIP := c.ClientIP()
+		clientIP := ip.GetClientIP(c)
 
 		// Async record usage
 		go func(result *service.OpenAIForwardResult, usedAccount *service.Account, ua, ip string) {
diff --git a/backend/internal/handler/ops_error_logger.go b/backend/internal/handler/ops_error_logger.go
index f0c271bd..13bd9d94 100644
--- a/backend/internal/handler/ops_error_logger.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/ops_error_logger.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/ctxkey"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/ip"
 	middleware2 "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/server/middleware"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
@@ -522,7 +523,7 @@ func OpsErrorLoggerMiddleware(ops *service.OpsService) gin.HandlerFunc {
 			}
 
 			var clientIP string
-			if ip := strings.TrimSpace(c.ClientIP()); ip != "" {
+			if ip := strings.TrimSpace(ip.GetClientIP(c)); ip != "" {
 				clientIP = ip
 				entry.ClientIP = &clientIP
 			}
@@ -682,7 +683,7 @@ func OpsErrorLoggerMiddleware(ops *service.OpsService) gin.HandlerFunc {
 		}
 
 		var clientIP string
-		if ip := strings.TrimSpace(c.ClientIP()); ip != "" {
+		if ip := strings.TrimSpace(ip.GetClientIP(c)); ip != "" {
 			clientIP = ip
 			entry.ClientIP = &clientIP
 		}